11th

Grade

Types of
Communicative N
Strategy
Prepared by: Ms. Jonah A. Banquil
01

02
NOMINATION
04
This is usually used at the beginning of the
interaction to set the purpose of the
conversation. The speaker tries to open a topic
with the people he is talking to. One must
present a particular topic clearly and truthfully.
Example:
Good morning, class. How are you today?
Is it raining in your area?
02

02
RESTRICTION
04
This is used in constraining the reaction or response
within a define set of categories. This is useful when
03
narrowing down a listener’s response to an expected
set of answers. This prevents the conversation from
02
going off topic.

Example: We will have 30 minutes of online discussion

regarding the topic on Pandemic and Mental Health. An
additional 10 minutes will be allotted for your questions
and related04
concerns.
03

TURN-TAKING
This strategy is used to establish and sustain a productive
conversation. Turn taking is recognizing when and how to speak
when it is one’s turn. This requires each speaker to wait for the
others to complete their turn talking. This strategy can be used to
05 talking over one another that may cause
avoid participants
conflicts. Turn-taking provides persons equal opportunity to say
their piece.
Participants must watch out for the verbal and non-verbal cues
that signal the next speaker that the previous speaker has finished
talking. One may employ visual signals like a nod, a look, or a step
back.
Example: (Clicked the raise hand button) Can I please add
something to the discussion?
04

TOPIC CONTROL
This is a communicative strategy used in keeping the
conversation going on by asking questions that requires
a response from the listener. Topic control also allows
07
the other participants to take turns, contribute ideas,
and continue the conversation.
Example: That was an excellent point, Arlene! How
about the rest of the class? You may put your
responses on the jamboard link found on the chat box,
or you may simply click the raise hand button and
share your thoughts.
05

TOPIC SHIFTING
This is defined as introducing a new topic followed by
the continuation of that topic. Topic shifting is a strategy
that works best when there is a follow through so that a
09
new topic continues to be discussed. One may also use
effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift.
Examples: By the way, in addition to what I have
already mentioned, it is dangerous to go out, especially
that the Delta COVID-19 variant is here! But even if we
practice physical distancing, we should not stop to
socialize with our friends and family members via
phone calls or social media applications.
06

REPAIR
This communicative strategy refers to overcoming
communication breakdown to send more
comprehensible messages. Repair Communicative
Strategy includes:
1.Requesting clarification – One may ask questions
or use non-verbal communication such as eyebrows,
eyes, head, hands, or shoulders to show that the
message could not be understood.
2. Not acknowledging the new situation – The
situation already in progress will continue.
3. Topic shifting – This can help direct the discussion
to another topic or divert the attention of the listener
from the topic that has become problematic.
4. Repeating – This is a good way of correcting
oneself.
5. Recasting – This refers to changing the form of the
message that could not be understood.
Example: We definitely should practice social
distancing, I mean, physical distancing to become safe
during this pandemic. Can anyone restate the
difference between these two terms?
07

TERMINATION
This strategy ends the interaction by using
verbal and nonverbal messages that the
participants send to one another. Nonverbal
may include a handshake or walking out.
Example:
Thank you ….
Okay, all done…
See you later on our following online meeting
schedule.
Checking of
Activities
When we face an issue and
are challenged to make a
L
stand, it is
necessary for us to support
it with logical arguments.
What is a position paper?
According to Fleming (2018), a position
paper is one where an author
chooses a side on a particular topic and
builds up a case for your opinion or
position.
Building up your case will entail the
use of facts and statistics to
convince the readers that the
author’s position on the matter is
the best one.
As defined by Merriam- Webster, a
position paper is a detailed report
that recommends a course of action
on a particular issue.
Why are position L

papers written?
Position papers are written for the
purpose of generating support
regarding a particular stand/ idea
(Xavier.edu.2020)
The fundamental goal of a position paper
is not only to present your stand on an
issue/idea but also to determine how your
stance is related to the
arguments of others. (CSU, 2020)
Parts of a Position Paper
Introduction
a. Start with an introduction which presents the
issue while grabbing the
attention of readers.
b. Define the issues and discuss its background.
c. Provide a general statement of your position
via your thesis statement.
Body
a. State your main arguments.
b. Provide sufficient evidence for each argument
such as statistical data,
interviews with experts, and testimonies.
c. Provide counterarguments against the possible
weaknesses of your
arguments.
Conclusion
a. Restate your position and main arguments.
b. Suggest a course of action.
c. State what makes your position paper superior
and more acceptable,
d. End with a powerful closing statement such
as quotation, a challenge, or
a question.
L
Structure of a Position Paper
The structure of a position paper is flexible, but it
should generally follow a simple flow that clearly
conveys the problem and the position of the
author(s). A position paper should begin by clearly
stating the problem and its relevance to the
scientific community or even to the society as a
whole. It
should then address the main position of the
author.
L

For example:
1. Background: For decades, the WHO has
urged the adoption of a tax on unhealthy
foods to discourage the consumption of
products that are harmful to our health.
L

2. Relevance: Sugar has been shown to

have a negative impact on health and play a
major role in the rising obesity rates in
America.
3. Position: The United States should adopt
a tax on drinks with added sugar, to reduce
the consumption of sugar, and promote
healthier eating habits.
L

The author should clearly list

the common arguments and
possible
objections against this
position.
L

To continue with our example:

1. Argument 1: A sugary drink tax
that focuses on soda may not
impact
other products that have an
equally negative health impact
such as fruit
juice or candy.
L

2. Argument 2: A sugary drink

tax is regressive and places a
financial burden on the
poorest consumers.
L

A strong position paper

acknowledges the validity of the
counter- arguments and then puts
forth reasons why the author’s
position is still the correct one. In our
example paper, the author can
address the counter arguments in
the next section like so:
L

1. Counterargument 1: It is true that a

sugary drink tax would not impact
all sources of added sugar in the
average American diet. However, it
would still have a significant impact on
a major source of added sugar to
achieve its goal of reducing overall
sugar consumption.
L

2. Counterargument 2: All consumption

taxes are regressive. A sugary
drink tax would be most effective
accompanied by subsidies for healthy
foods such as fruit and vegetables.
L

Finally, summarize your main points

and re-state your position in your
conclusion. All arguments in the paper
should be backed up by facts, data, and
evidence, with proper citation
attributed to your sources.
L

In this way, a position paper is no different

from an ordinary research paper. If you
wish,
you can include a brief literature review in
your discussion of the background of the
issue. While such a literature review is not
essential, it can make your paper stronger.
L
Choosing an Issue
1. The issue should be debatable. You
cannot take any position if the topic is not
debatable.
2. The issue should be current and
relevant.
3. The issue should be written in a
question form and answerable by yes or
no.
4. The issue should be specific and
L
Tips for Writing a Strong Position Paper

1. Select a timely, relevant topic with two

clear opposing sides.
2. Conduct thorough preliminary research
and collect evidence to support
arguments for and against your position.
L
Tips for Writing a Strong Position Paper

3. Identify your intended audience. You

should tailor your tone depending on who
the paper is written for (the public, other
scientists, policy makers, etc.).
4. Clearly state your position on the topic.
L
Tips for Writing a Strong Position Paper

5. List and refute the counter-arguments

to your position.
6. Include supporting data and evidence to
back up your argument.
L
Tips for Writing a Strong Position Paper

7. Properly attribute your sources using

correct citation.
8. Keep it simple! Position papers don’t
need to go into excessive detail. Present
your points clearly and briefly.
L
Tips for Writing a Strong Position Paper

9. Each paragraph in the paper should

discuss a single idea.
10. Have someone proofread your paper
to ensure it reads well and looks
professional.
L

A position paper can be a great way to

expand your horizons and write a new type
of research paper. While position papers
are unlike ordinary research papers, they
still contribute valuable perspectives to
the scientific community. Use these ten
tips to write an effective position paper!
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

Manifesto, a document publicly declaring

the position or program of its issuer. A
manifesto advances a set of ideas,
opinions, or views, but it can also lay out a
plan of action.
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

While it can address any topic, it most

often
concerns art, literature, or politics.
Manifestos are generally written in the
name of a group sharing a common
perspective, ideology, or purpose rather
than in the name of a single individual.
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

An argument is usually a main idea, often

called a “claim” or “thesis statement,”
backed up with evidence that supports the
idea.
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

A claim defines your paper’s goals,

direction, scope, and is supported by
evidence, quotations, argumentation,
expert opinion, statistics, and telling
details. A claim must be argumentative.
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

When you make a claim, you are arguing

for a certain interpretation or
understanding of your subject. Claims are,
essentially, the evidence that writers or
speakers use to prove their point.
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

Examples of Claim: A teenager who wants

a new cellular phone makes the following
claims: Every other girl in her school has a
cell phone.
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

Assumption is information not stated in

the argument that has to be true in order
for the argument’s logic to hold. Simply
put, an assumption is something an
argument takes for granted in reaching its
conclusion.
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

Example: All kids are excited when they

get new toys. Therefore, Tim will be
thrilled when he gets the new radio-
controlled car we bought him.
In this argument, the author, says two
things explicitly:
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

- All kids are excited when they get new

toy
- Tim will be thrilled when he gets the new
radio – controlled car we bought him.
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

Steps in identifying assumptions:

- Identify the conclusion of the argument
- Identify what is stated in the authors
reasoning
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

Evidence is the available body of facts or

information indicating whether a belief or
proposition is true or valid.
L
Let Us Familiarize the Following Words

Example: All kids are excited when they

get new toys.
Conclusion: Tim will be thrilled when he
gets the new radio- controlled
car we bought him.
Author’s Assumption: Tim is a child.
L
Activity
2nd

Directions: Choose one editorial

from a newspaper that deals with
any social issue relevant to the
Filipinos. Analyze the arguments
used by the writer. You may use
the following guide in writing your
analysis.
 Guide in Writing a Position
Paper/Analysis
This argument analysis examines the
article titled (title of the article)
written by (author). This article is
about (briefly summarize the content
of the article in 3 to 5 sentences).
N
 Guide in Writing a Position
Paper/Analysis
Specifically, this analysis identifies
the position of the author, his/ her
main arguments, and the evidence
supporting these arguments.
(Author) makes (number of claims)
and supports them with various
pieces of evidence. N
 Guide in Writing a Position
Paper/Analysis
The first main argument is (state the
argument in your own words). To
support this argument, the author
uses (number of evidences
presented). (State all the pieces of
evidence presented by the author to
support the first argument. N
 Guide in Writing a Position
Paper/Analysis
(State your analysis of the argument
and evidence presented. When
presenting your analysis, you may
use phrases such as “first of all”,
“the author assumes,” and “the
author fails to consider.”)
N
 Guide in Writing a Position
Paper/Analysis
In conclusion, the author (state the
author’s purpose). I agree that (state
the arguments of the author in which
you agree with). However, (state
your major arguments).
N
 ASSESSMENT
Directions: Identify the word that is
described in each statement.
1. It is one where an author chooses a side
on a particular topic and
build up a case for your opinion or
position.
2. A document publicly declaring the
position or program of its issuer.
 ASSESSMENT
3. It is usually a main idea, often called a
“claim” or “thesis statement,”
backed up with evidence that supports the
idea.
4. It is something an argument takes for
granted in reaching its
conclusion.
5. It is the available body of facts or
information indicating whether.
 Key Takeaways
Communicative Competence – the
ability to use linguistic knowledge
to effectively communicate with
N
others. It is essential for a speaker
to be able to use and understand
speech acts.
Awesome words N
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