Control of Microorganisms

M icrobiology
BSN Semester: I
Unit:3
IFTIKHAR UL HAQ
INS-KMU
PESHAWAR
 Objective/s

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 Antimicrobial Agents
• An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.

• Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily
against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and anti-fungal are used
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against fungi. l
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• They can also be classified according to uc function.
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d Agents that kill microbes
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are microbicides, while those that merely inhibitDan their growth are called microbistatics.
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The use of antimicrobial medicines Ato treat infection is known as antimicrobial therapy, while
the use of antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection is known as antimicrobial prophylaxes
 Antimicrobial Therapy
• Empiric

• Infecting organism(s) not yet identified

• More “broad spectrum”

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• Definitive alP
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• Organism(s) identified and specific therapy, chosen
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• More “narrow” spectrum lla
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• Prophylactic or preventive

• Prevent an initial infection or its recurrence after infection

 Antibiotics
• “ANTIBIOTIC” is derived from antibiosis which means “ against life”

• Antibiotics are agents made from living micro-organisms, or synthetic that are used to
inhibit specific bacteria. o rm
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• Bacteria that can produce them: ati o
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• Streptomyces, bacillus n ish
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• Molds Ab
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• Penicillum notatum, cephalosporium

 Bacteria & Antibiotics
• Bacteria are microorganisms that invade the human body through many routes like

respiratory, GI, and skin.

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• Human immune response is activated. As the body tries to
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of inflammation (e.g. swelling, heat, redness, and
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• The goal of antibiotic therapy is to decrease
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u the population of invading bacteria to a point at
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which the human immune system can effectively deal with the invader.
 Gram +ive & Gram –ive bacteria
• Most bacteria can be broadly classified as Gram +ve or Gram -ve.

• Gram +ve bacteria have cell walls composed of thick layers of peptidoglycan.

• Gram +ve cells stain purple when subjected to a Gram stain procedure.
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• Gram -ve bacteria have cell walls with a thin layer oftiopeptidoglycan.
n The cell wall also
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includes an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide , Ed (LPS) molecules attached.
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Gram -ve bacteria stain pink when subjected
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• While both Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria produce exotoxins, only Gram -ve bacteria
produce endotoxins.
Gram +ive & Gram –ive bacteria

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 Definitions
• Chemotherapy: It means using chemical agents that are selectively toxic to the
causative agent of the disease, such as a microorganisms or malignant cells.
• Chemotherapy means the use of drugs to eradicate micro-organisms and parasitic
worms or malignant cells in the body is called chemotherapy
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• Antimicrobial drugs: Drugs that are used to treat infections lat
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known as antimicrobial drugs. n al
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• Antibiotics: Antibiotics are chemical substances , Ed produced from various microorganisms
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(bacteria and fungi) that kill or inhibit theDa growth of other microorganisms.
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• Antibiotic resistance: Antibioticbduresistance is the ability of bacteria/fungi to resist the
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effects of an antibiotic.
 Spectrum of antibiotics

• Narrow-Spectrum antibiotics: Isoniazid is active only against mycobacteria

• Extended-Spectrum: Ampicillin acts against gram positive andmsome gram negative bacteria
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• Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: Tetracycline and lP
chloramphenicol
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Narrow spectrum vs Broad spectrum

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Spectrum of antibiotics

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 Antimicrobial Resistance

• Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of microbes to resist the effects of drugs in same

dosage. When the drug loose the ability to either kill or inhibit
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the growth of microbes and
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the microbes gain the ability to survive in the presence
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previously susceptible this is called resistance.
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 Innate resistance
• Intrinsic resistance is the innate ability of a bacterial species to resist activity of a particular
antimicrobial drug. This can also be called “insensitivity” since it occurs in organisms that
have never been susceptible to that particular drug.
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• Lack of affinity of the drug for the bacterial target l
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for example penicillin's are not effective against d ucmycobacterium tuberculosis, as the later
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does not contain peptidoglycan in cell wall. Da
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Inaccessibility of the drug into the bacterial cell

For example: Gram –ve bacteria are naturally resistant to vancomycin and penicillin
because of inability to penetrate outer membrane.
 Acquired Resistance
• Acquired resistance means when the microbes gains the ability to grow in the presence of a

drug. Acquired resistance develops when micro-organisms no longer respond to a drug to

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• β-Lactamase activity: This family of enzymes
h , Ehydrolyzes the cyclic amide bond of the β-
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lactam ring, which results in loss ofbbactericidal activity.
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• (ESBL)
Antimicrobial Resistance

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 Sensitivity in microbiology

• Sensitivity analysis determines the effectiveness of antibiotics against microorganisms

(germs) such as bacteria that have been isolated from cultures.

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o to help choose the antibiotic that
• An antibiotic sensitivity (or susceptibility) test is cdone
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will be most effective against the specific Da types of bacteria or fungus infecting an
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 Antimicrobial drugs
Common microbes causing diseases

• Bacteria......anti bacterial
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• Viruses……anti viral l at f
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• Fungi………anti fungal uc
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• Protozoa ……antiprotozoal h Da
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Antibacterial drugs

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 Antibacterial drugs
• Inhibit cell wall synthesis
• Alter nucleic acid metabolism
• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins • Quinolones
• Carbapenems • Ciprofloxacin
• Monobactams (Aztreonam)
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• Ofloxacin
• Glycopeptide (Vancomycin) fo
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• Inhibit protein synthesis al
• nLevofloxacin
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• Chloramphenicol c
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• Tetracycline ,
n is• h Inhibit folate metabolism
• Macrolides Da
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• Oxazolidinones (linezolid) u lla • Trimethoprim
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• Aminoglycosides • Sulfamethoxazole
Antiviral drugs

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Antiprotozoal drugs

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Abdullah Danish
(BSN Student at GCN KTH)