Chapter 10

Thermodynamics
Grade: 10
Date: 20-03-2021
Physics Department JARIS
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the
relationships between heat and other forms of energy. In particular, it
describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of
energy and how it affects matter.
Thermodynamic system: A region in space in which investigation is going
on or small part of the universe to which we can apply the laws of
thermodynamics called as thermodynamic system.
Environment or Surrounding: The combination of matter and space,
external to the system that may be influenced by changes in the system
is called surrounding or environment.
Boundary: The thermodynamics system and surrounding are separated
by a boundary of the system. The boundary can be real or imaginary,
rigid or flexible, Diathermic or adiabatic.
A system refers to any parts of the universe being
studied.
If you are conducting an experiment in a beaker, then
the system you are studying is in the beaker.
The system is subject to surrounding factors such as air
temperature and pressure.
Thermodynamics involve the study of heat energy
exchange between a system and its surroundings.
There are three types of thermodynamics systems.
Based on the possible heat and matter transfer, they are
classified as open, closed or isolated systems.
Types of thermodynamic system:
a) Open system
b) Closed system
c) Isolated system
You may have heard of open systems and closed
systems. An open system is one that freely allows both
energy and matter to be transferred in an out of a system.
For example, boiling water without a lid.
Heat escaping into the air.
Steam (which is matter) escaping into the air.
A closed system, on the other hand, does not allow the
exchange of matter but allows energy to be transferred.
It allows heat to be transferred from the stove to the
water
Heat is also transferred to the surroundings
Steam is not allowed to escape
Example of a closed system – a pressure cooker.
Example – A thermo flask.
The purpose of a thermo flask is to keep your food warm.
A thermo flask can be considered an isolated system but only for
a short period of time.
It prevents both heat and matter from being transferred to the
surrounding.
Ultimately, the heat in the thermo flask will escape to the
surroundings and the content inside the flask will be cooled
down.
No exchange of heat or mass.
No exchange of mass because the container is closed while no
exchange of heat because the boundary is insulated.
Heat, Work, and Internal Energy,
• In thermodynamic systems, work is defined in terms of pressure and
volume change.

 A  F 
W  Fd  Fd      ( Ad )  PV
 A  A

W  P V
work = pressure  volume change

• This definition assumes that P is constant.

Heat, Work, and Internal Energy,

• If the gas expands, as shown in the figure, DV is positive,

and the work done by the gas on the piston is positive.
• If the gas is compressed, DV is negative, and the work
done by the gas on the piston is negative. (In other
words, the piston does work on the gas.)
Heat, Work, and Internal Energy,

• When the gas volume remains constant, there is no displacement and

no work is done on or by the system.

• Although the pressure can change during a process, work is done only
if the volume changes.

• A situation in which pressure increases and volume remains constant is

comparable to one in which a force does not displace a mass even as
the force is increased. Work is not done in either situation.