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Cost of Capital
Cost of Capital
Chapter 9
Definition
• Cost of capital is the rate return the firm requires from investment in
order to increase the value of the firm in the market place.
• The sources of capital of a firm must be in the form of preference
shares, equity shares, debt and retained earnings.
• In simple cost of capital of a firm is the weighted average cost of their
different sources of financing.
Components of cost of capital
• Debt
• Preferred stock
• Common equity
• Retained earnings
What types of long-term capital do
firms use?
• Long-term debt
• Preferred stock
• Common equity
Cost of capital
• Capital components are sources of funding that come from investors.
• Accounts payable, accruals, and deferred taxes are not sources of
funding that come from investors, so they are not included in the
calculation of the cost of capital. These arises from operational
decisions.
• We do adjust for these items when calculating the cash flows of a
project, but not when calculating the cost of capital.
Should we focus on before-tax or after-
tax capital costs?
• Tax effects associated with financing can be incorporated
either in capital budgeting cash flows or in cost of capital.
• Most firms incorporate tax effects in the cost of capital.
Therefore, focus on after-tax costs
Tax effect in profit
A B
• Net income before interest 110 110
• Less: Interest 10 0
• N.P after Interest 100 110
• Less:Tax (40%) 40 44
• Net profit 60 66
Should we focus on historical (embedded)
costs or new (marginal) costs?
• The cost of capital is used primarily to make decisions which
involve raising and investing new capital.
• So, we should focus on marginal costs.
• The target proportions of debt (wd), preferred stock (wps), and
common equity (ws)—along with the costs of those components—are
used to calculate the firm’s weighted average cost of capital, WACC:
14
Weighted Cost of Capital Model
• Compute the cost of each source of capital
• Determine percentage of each source of capital in
the optimal capital structure
• Calculate Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
15
1. Compute Cost of Debt
• Required rate of return for creditors
• Same cost found in Chapter 5 as yield to maturity on bonds
(Rd).
• e.g. Suppose that a company issues bonds with a before tax
cost of 10%.
• Since interest payments are tax deductible, the true cost of
the debt is the after tax cost.
• If the company’s tax rate (state and federal combined) is 40%,
the after tax cost of debt : Rd (1- T)
• AT Rd = 10%(1-0.4) = 6%.
16
2. Compute Cost Preferred Stock
• Cost to raise a dollar of preferred stock.
Dividend (Dp)
Required rate Rp =
$5.00
Rp = = 11.90%
$42.00
17
3. Compute Cost of Common
Equity
• Two Types of Common Equity Financing
1. Retained Earnings (internal common equity)
2. Issuing new shares of common stock (external common
equity)
18
3. Compute Cost of Common Equity
• Cost of Internal Common Equity
• Management should retain earnings only if they earn as much as
stockholder’s next best investment opportunity of the
same risk.
• Cost of Internal Equity = opportunity cost of common stockholders’
funds.
• Two methods to determine
1. Dividend Growth Model
2. Capital Asset Pricing Model
19
3. Compute Cost of Common Equity
• Cost of Internal Common Stock Equity
• Dividend Growth Model
D1
RS = + g
P0
20
3. Compute Cost of Common Equity
• Cost of Internal Common Stock Equity
• Dividend Growth Model
D1
RS = + g
P0
Example:
The market price of a share of common stock is
$60. The dividend just paid is $3, and the expected
growth rate is 10%.
21
3. Compute Cost of Common Equity
• Cost of Internal Common Stock Equity
• Dividend Growth Model
D1
rS = + g
P0
Example:
The market price of a share of common stock is $60.
The dividend just paid is $3, and the expected growth
rate is 10%.
MRP= RM -rRF
23
3. Compute Cost of Common Equity
Example:
The estimated Beta of a stock is 1.2. The risk-free rate
is 5% and the expected market return is 13%.
24
3. Compute Cost of Common Equity
• Cost of Internal Common Stock Equity
• Capital Asset Pricing Model
Example:
The estimated Beta of a stock is 1.2. The risk-free rate
is 5% and the expected market return is 13%.
D1
rn = + g
P0 - F
D1
rn = +g
P0 - F
Example:
If additional shares are issued floatation costs
will be 12%. D0 = $3.00 and estimated growth
is 10%, Price is $60 as before.
28
3. Compute Cost of Common Equity
• Cost of New Common Stock
• Must adjust the Dividend Growth Model equation for
floatation costs of the new common shares.
D1
rn = +g
P0 - F
Example:
If additional shares are issued floatation costs will
be 12%. D = $3.00 and estimated growth is 10%,
0
Bonds rd = 10%
Preferred Stock rp = 11.9%
Common Stock
Retained Earnings rs = 15%
New Shares rn = 16.25%
31
Weighted Average Cost of Capital
If using retained earnings to finance the
common stock portion the capital structure:
32
Weighted Average Cost of Capital
34
Weighted Average Cost of Capital
35
(ST–1)
• Longstreet Communications Inc. (LCI) has the following capital structure, which it
considers to be optimal: debt = 25%, preferred stock = 15%, and common stock =
60%. LCI’s tax rate is 40%, and investors expect earnings and dividends to grow at a
constant rate of 6% in the future. LCI paid a dividend of $3.70 per share last year
(D0), and its stock currently sells at a price of $60 per share. Ten-year Treasury
bonds yield 6%, the market risk premium is 5%, and LCI’s beta is 1.3. The following
terms would apply to new security offerings.
• Preferred: New preferred could be sold to the public at a price of $100 per share,
with a dividend of $9. Flotation costs of $5 per share would be incurred.
• Debt: Debt could be sold at an interest rate of 9%.
• Common: New common equity will be raised only by retaining earnings.
a. Find the component costs of debt, preferred stock, and common stock.
b. What is the WACC?
ST1 solution:
ST-1 (cont.)
problems to solve:
• 9-2
• 9-3
• 9-4
• 9-5
• 9-6
• 9-7
• 9-8