SCIENCE 6

THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
TR.JOY
What is the biggest organ of our
body?
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
•When you do an intense physical activity, the
temperature of your body rises and you
perspire.
•Thisis because your skin regulates your
temperature.
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•The skin secretes water, together with some salts
and other substances, and this immediately gives
the body a cooling effect.
•This adaptation is made possible through the
integumentary system, which is composed of the
skin, sweat and oil glands, nerves, hair, and nails.
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•Without the skin and the sweat glands, the body

will easily heat up and detrimental effects will affect
other bodily functions.
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THE SKIN
•The skin is the largest organ of the body. It weighs more
than twice as heavy as the brain.
•The skin of an average adult person has a surface area of
about 1.5 to 2.0 square meters and a thickness of 2
millimeters.
•It is a protective cover for almost all of the surfaces of the
body.
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•The skin is composed of the outer layer

called epidermis, the middle layer called dermis,
and the innermost layer called the subcutaneous
layer.
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•The epidermis, also called the cuticle, is the outermost
layer. It appears scaly because it is composed of layers of
flat and dead cells.
•These cells are filled with keratin, which is a substance that
blocks water and microorganisms from entering the skin.
•The skin has tiny openings called pores, through which
sweat and oil leave the body.
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•Found at the bottom layer of the epidermis are cells that
produce melanin, the pigment that determines the color of
the skin.
•Its function is to protect the skin by absorbing the
ultraviolet rays from the sun.
• People with darker complexion have more melanin and,
therefore, have more protection from the sun.
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•The dermis is the layer found under the epidermis. Unlike
the epidermis, the cells of the dermis are alive, and contain
the protein collagen.
•This layer contains sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles,
and blood vessels.
•Because of the presence of nerves, one is able to sense
touch, pain, heat, and pressure through the skin.
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•The subcutaneous layer is a layer of fat below the
dermis.
•Aside from serving as storage for food and energy,
the layer serves as an insulator of heat.
•This layer also contains larger blood vessels and
nerves.
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•The thickness of this layer differs from person to

person, and varies depending on its location in the
body.
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•Oil glands release oil known as sebum.

•The sebum is the skin’s natural moisturizer,
which keeps the skin from drying up.
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•To some extent, it also repels water, making the

skin waterproof.
•Too much production of sebum may clog the
pores and infect the glands, causing pimples or
acne.
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Hair
•Like the epidermis, hair is also made of keratin.
•Hair grows from the hair root, which is
contained in the hair follicle embedded in the
skin.
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•The hair extends through the epidermis and protrudes from
the skin.
•The cells that make up the hair strand are dead and are
keratinized.
•The only living part of the hair is the bottom part where
new cells are produced.
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•Hair serves many functions.

•The hair in the nose and ears filter dust particles.
•Eyebrows absorb and deflect sweat to protect the eyes.
•Facial hair reduces the skin’s exposure to UV rays. Hair in
the scalp protects the head and the skull from abrasion.
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•Different types of melanin determine the color of the hair.

The more melanin, the darker is the color of the hair.
•Have you ever wondered why old people tend to have grey
and white hair?
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•It is because, as one grows older, less and less

melanin is produced.
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NAILS
•Nails are also made up of keratin. They form in and
from the root cells in the epidermis. As new cells are
produced in the nail bed, the older cells are pushed
away, and fingernails and toenails grow longer.
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•Fingernails grow at an average rate of 3 millimeters

in a month, whereas toenails grow slower at an
average rate of 1 millimeter in a month.
•Diet and the overall health of a person, among many
other factors, affect the growth of the nails.
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•Nails protect the sensitive fingertips and toes
from injury.
•They also help in sensing the environment.
•Under the nails are nerve endings that function
in the sense of touch.
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GLANDS
•Glands release substances through the pores.
The main glands of the skin are the sweat
glands and the oil glands.
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•Sweat glands help in the excretion of wastes by releasing
the excess water and salts.
•They also function in the regulation of the body
temperature.
•If the body is too hot from physical activity or weather, the
sweat glands release sweat which instantly cools the body.
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DISORDERS AND DISEASES OF THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
•They also function in the regulation of the body
temperature.
•If the body is too hot from physical activity or weather, the
sweat glands release sweat which instantly cools the body.
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PIMPLES AND ACNE
• Acne is a condition characterized by different kinds of bumps,
which include whiteheads, blackheads, pimples, and nodules.
• It is a disorder of the oil glands and hair follicles.
• It may be due to one or more of the following: overproduction of
sebum by the oil glands, release of hormones, and bacterial
infections.
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• Acne usually starts when oil, dead skin cells, and dirt clog the pores
of the skin.
• Thisproduces whiteheads, which may become blackheads or
pimples.
• A pimple develops when the wall of the hair follicle breaks and the
site is infected by bacteria.
• Nodules are growths under the skin which may be painful.
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BOILS
• Boils, more commonly known as pigsa, occur when one or more of
the hair follicles become infected with certain bacteria.
• The bacteria may enter through a cut or a break in the skin
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BOILS
•Once the bacteria invade the hair follicles, the white blood
cells rush to the site, causing an inflammation and a
formation of pus, a characteristic of boils.
• The pus contains dead white blood cells, bacteria, and dead
skin cells.
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BOILS
•Anyone can develop boils, but those living in unsanitary
environments are more prone to the infection.
•People who are in generally poor health and weak immune
systems also have higher chances of getting boils.
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FUNGAL INFECTIONS
• Fungal infections are diseases of the skin caused by tiny organisms
called fungi. Ringworm is a fungal infection that produces reddish
circular patches and scaly skin.
• Athlete’s foot is an infection of the feet and/or in between the toes.
• The skin becomes itchy, dry, and flaky. These fungal infections are
generally easily treated with antifungal creams and ointments.
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SKIN CANCER
•About 90% of skin cancers are linked to sun exposure.
•The ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun may damage the
skin cells, making them go out of control.
• The damage may cause the cells to develop into tumors,
which may lead to cancer.
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• The UV radiation that reaches us has two types: UVA and UVB.
UVA causes sunburn, while UVB causes aging and can cause cancer
later in life.
• In order to lessen the risk of skin cancer, sunscreen should be used
especially when staying outdoors for a long time.
• It should also be used even on a cloudy day as the UV rays
penetrate through the clouds. You can use sunscreen with a
minimum of SPF 15, which stays effective for two hours.
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CARING FOR THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• The skin is the outermost layer of the human body. It is what creates
the first impression.
• You must therefore take care of your skin in order to be healthy- and
vibrant-looking at all times.
• Observing proper hygiene is very important in order to look healthy
and good. One should take a bath regularly in order to remove the
germs and dirt that the body came in contact with.
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•Sunlight is good for the health. It activates the vitamin D in the
body. However, too much exposure to the sun can be harmful.
•It may lead to sunburn and can cause skin cancer.
• The sun is also the cause of premature aging, known as
photoaging. You should wear protective clothing or apply a
sunscreen when you are out in the sun especially for a long
time.
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•The skin also needs the necessary nutrients so that it

can do its roles well. Fruits and green leafy
vegetables are excellent sources of nutrients that are
essential to having healthy skin and hair.
•Drinking lots of water and liquids is also very
important for keeping the skin hydrated.
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HOW THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM WORKS WITH
OTHER SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
•The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body.
Its main function is to protect the inner parts of the body
from harmful bacteria, harsh climate, and water loss.
•The integumentary system regulates blood flow and body
heat.
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•It protects the body from harmful bacteria that causes skin
disorders and protection from ultraviolet radiation from the
sun that can cause skin dehydration.
•Vitamin D is produced with the help from the sun. It does
not come from the sun.
• Vitamin D helps the bones release phosphorus and calcium
and prevents rickets.
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•The integumentary system also provides sensation
like pain, temperature, and sensitivity to touch.
•Italso eliminates sweat, or perspiration. It helps
immunities, providing antibodies that eliminate
microbes.
•It also serves as blood and nutrients reservoir.
 ASSIGNMENT
•Direction
•Do page 111.
(Express Your Learning)
THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS! 