Select Measuring

Instruments
 Measuring Instruments:
• Multimeter (VOM)
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM, is an
electronic measuring instrument that combines several
measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can
measure voltage (Volt), current (Ampere), and resistance
(Ohm). Analog multimeter use a micro ammeter with a
moving pointer to display readings.
Multimeter (VOM)
Voltmeter
An instrument for measuring electric potential in volts.
Example: 220 volts
Ohmmeter
An instrument for measuring electrical resistance.
Example: 20 Ohms
Milliammeter
An instrument for measuring electric current in amperes.
Example: 15 amperes
 Types of Multi-meter or Multi-tester:

Analog Multi-meter or multi-

tester (VOM)
Use a microammeter with a moving
pointer to display readings.
Analog Multi-meter or multi-
tester (VOM)
Digital multimeters (DMM,
DVOM)
Have a numeric display, and may also
show a graphical bar representing the
measured value.
Digital multimeters (DMM,
DVOM)
 Types of Multi-meter or Multi-tester:

Cable Tester
Is an electronic device used to verify the electrical
connections in a signal cable or other wired assembly.
Basic cable testers are continuity testers that verify the
existence of a conductive path between ends of the
cable, and verify the correct wiring of connectors on
the cable.
Cable Tester
 Types of Multi-meter or Multi-tester:

Loopback, or loop-back adapter

Refers to the routing of electronic signals, digital
data streams, or flows of items back to their source
without intentional processing or modification. This
is primarily a means of testing or measuring the
communications infrastructure.
Loopback, or loop-back adapter
 Types of Multi-meter or Multi-tester:

Logic Probe
Is a hand-held test probe used for
analyzing and troubleshooting the
logical states (boolean 0 or 1) of a
digital circuit.
 Types of Multi-meter or Multi-tester:
Logic probe / Digital logic tester
Is able to detect lines that are at the digital or
logic high state. The logic probe will indicate this
typically with a LED which is often coloured red.
Logic low: The logic probe also is able to
indicate a logic or digital low often coloured
green.
Logic Probe
Carry Out Measurements and
Calculations
 Definition of Terms
Binary
The primary language for computers that is
made up of only two numbers: 0 and 1.
Binary Prefix
Used to represent the quantity in terms of byte
or bit in computing.
Decimal
A base 10 number system.
 Definition of Terms
Bit (b)
Short for binary digit either 0 or 1.
Byte (B)
A unit of computer information consisting of
eight (8) bits.
Giga Hertz (GHz)
Also known as clock rate or clock speed of
the processor.
How to Read
Binary?
 How to Read Binary?
Binary is a base-2 number system, where
the number two (2) is raised by an exponent
(n-1). The exponent is denoted by the digits’
place (n) and subtracted by 1, wherein it
increases as you move through each
position starting from the right going to the
left.
For example, number 2 on the first
position, so that is 2 raised by n-1,
wherein n=1.

2⁽ⁿ⁻¹⁾= 2⁽¹⁻¹⁾=2⁰
 Position
How to Read Binary?
(n-1) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Exponent
2 2 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰
(position)

Value
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Note: The first place should be 1 but since it is (n-1) subtracted by 1, it

becomes 0.
 How to Read Binary?
The first value is equivalent to 1
because 2⁰ is equal to 1.

Note: Any value with an exponent

of 0 is always equal to 1.
 How to Read Binary?
The second value is 2¹ is 2 because it is just 2 itself
multiplied by 1.
The third value is 4 because 2² = 2 x 2 = 4, 2³ = 8
because 2³ = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8, and so on and so forth.
In binary system, 1 is equal to ON/TRUE and 0 is
OFF/FALSE.
 How to Read Binary?
To read a binary number, get the turn - ON value/s
only and sum it up, no need to include the turned-
OFF value/s. For example:
Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

ON/OFF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0000 0001 = 1
Get the sum: 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
Or simply get the turn - ON value which is 1.
Identify and Interpret
Symbols
 General Symbols
1. A question mark
symbol represents a
question and allows you
to access help or online
documentation.
 General Symbols
2. A light bulb icon symbol
represents a tip or an idea.
 General Symbols
3. The gear symbol indicates a configuration
or settings option. For example, many
programs use a gear icon for buttons that
allow you to adjust a program's settings.
Online services may use a gear icon for the
area that lets you change your account
settings.
 General Symbols
4. A symbol with a wrench or
a wrench and screwdriver is
another symbol that can be
used in place of the gear to
indicate an area to adjust the
settings or other options.
 General Symbols
5. A speech bubble symbol is used in communications

to indicate there is a message that needs to be read or

that someone is typing a message. For example, on an

iPhone, the Messages icon and each of its messages uses

the speech bubble symbol and when someone is typing a

speech bubble with three periods is shown.

 General Symbols
6. The check mark symbol

✔
indicates completion or that
something is ok. For example, a
download dialog box may show
a green check mark when the
download is complete.
 General Symbols
7. A plus symbol or a horizontal
line crossing a vertical line is also a
symbol used as an indication to
increase, add, move down, or zoom
in on software programs and
hardware devices.
 General Symbols
8. A minus symbol or a horizontal
line is a symbol used as an
indication for decreasing,
removing, moving up, or zooming
out on software programs and
hardware devices.
 General Symbols
9. A circle with a line through it is a
symbol that represents cancel or stop
and may be over the top of another
symbol. For example, a speaker symbol
with this over it indicates mute. Tip: this
symbol may also be represented by an X.
 General Symbols
10. Three arrows going
around a triangle is a
symbol that represents
recycle or recycling.
Anything with this symbol
that is not crossed out
should be recycled.
 General Symbols
11. A symbol with a series of
boxes and jagged lines with
boxes in the corners like that
shown here is a QR Code
and used to store information
for scanning.
 General Symbols
12. A padlock symbol is used to
represent when anything is
locked or secure. For example, a
keyboard key with a lock can
give you the option to lock the
computer.
 General Symbols
13. A calendar icon is used to
represent an option that
allows the user to view a
calendar, view date related
information, or schedule an
event.
 General Symbols
14. The thumbtack symbol is used to
represent the ability to pin an object to
the screen. For example, with web
applications and some web pages, you
may be able to pin individual elements
you enjoy viewing to the top of a page
for quick viewing.
 General Symbols
15. A symbol of a
folder represents an
area capable of storing
other files and folders
on a computer.
 General Symbols
16. A symbol of a trash
can or a recycle bin is a
symbol used to represent
deleting a file or another
object on the computer and
may be a container for any
deleted items.
 General Symbols
17. The fire symbol can have many different
meanings when used on a computer, software
program, or an Internet web page. The first
meaning is that the item is hot and could
mean that it is critical, important, or popular
and should be looked at first. In some e-mail
programs and services, the fire symbol
represents junk, and is a location where all
spam and other junk e-mails are stored.
 General Symbols
18. A C with a circle surrounding
it is used to represent a
Copyright. For example, at the
bottom of many web pages
(including this page) the
Copyright symbol or (c) may be
shown to indicate the content on
the page is Copyrighted.
 General Symbols
19. An R with a circle
surrounding it is used to
represent a registered mark.
For example, this mark may be
seen by a company logo or
brand name that is a registered
mark.
 General Symbols
20. A TM with a circle
surrounding it or TM by
itself is used to represent
a trademark.
Recycle or recycling
Question mark
Speech Bubble
Copyright
Registered mark
Trash can/Recycle Bin
Padlock
Calendar
Folder
Trademark
Thumbtack
Fire
Minus
Plus
✔
Check mark
Cancel/Stop
QR code