Plants and Animals:

Nutrition
Group 2
 Table of contents
01 02 03
Introduction Types & Modes of Plant Nutrition
Introduction about nutrition Nutrition
Plant and animal nutrition with
Detailed Explanation about
Plant Nutrition
modes of nutrition

04 05
Animal Nutrition Comparison & Contrast
Detailed Lesson about Plant Stating similarities and Differences
Nutrition through examples and tables.
 Objectives
• Identify the nutritional requirements of plants and
animals.
• Describe the mode of nutrition of plants and the
feeding mechanism of animals.
• Compare and contrast the following processes in plants
and animals: Nutrition
 01
Introduction
Introduction about nutrition
 What is nutrition?
● Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an
organism uses food to support its life.
● Nutrition refers to the activities by which living things obtain raw
materials from the environment and transport them into their cells.
The cells metabolize these raw materials and synthesize structural
components, enzymes, energy-rich compounds, and other
biologically important substances.
 02
Types & Modes of Nutrition
Plant and animal nutrition with modes of nutrition
Types and Modes of Nutrition
Types :
Plant Nutrition
Animal Nutrition

Modes:
Autotrophic Nutrition
Heterotrophic Nutrition
 Types of nutrition
Plant Nutrition
Plant nutrition is the study
of the chemical elements and
compounds necessary for
plant growth and
reproduction, plant
metabolism and their external
supply.
Animal Nutrition
Animal nutrition
entails the study of the
composition and
characteristics of the
material consumed by the
animal.
 Modes of nutrition

Autotrophic Mixotrophic Heterotrophic

organisms use simple
Certain unicellular Obtains organic
inorganic matters like
organisms may on molecules from other
water and carbon dioxide
occasion use both forms organisms
in the presence of light
and chlorophyll to of nutrition, depending on
synthesize food on their resource availability
own.
 03
Plant Nutrition
Detailed Explanation about Plant Nutrition
 Parts of a plant

https://www.sciencefacts.net/parts-of-a-plant.html
 Tissue of a plant
1. Epidermis- epidermis is the outermost
cell layer of the primary plant body.
2. Ground Tissue- Ground tissue makes
up most of the interior of a plant.
3. Vascular Tissue- Vascular tissue
is comprised of the xylem and
the phloem, the main transport
systems of plants.
a) Xylem- transports and stores water
and water-soluble nutrients in vascular
plants.
b) Phloem-responsible for transporting
https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf sugars, proteins, and other organic
molecules in plants.
 Plant nutrients

Obtained from atmosphere Obtained from soil

• Hydrogen • Nitrogen • Boron
• Carbon • Phosphorus • Manganese
• Oxygen • Potassium • Zinc
• Sulfur • Molybdenum
• Magnesium • Copper
• Calcium • Iron
 Plant Mode of Nutrition

01 02 03

Autotrophic Heterotrophic Mixotrophic

Autotrophic
Nutrition
 Table of contents
01 02 03
Introduction Process Groups
Introduction about autotrophic How autotrophic nutrition Different Groups in autotrophic
nutrition works nutrition and examples

04 05
Advantages Disadvantages
Advatages of autotrophic Disadvantages of autotrophic
nutrition nutrition
 What is autotrophic nutrition?
● The word autotroph is derived from two words, ‘auto’ means self
and ‘trophe’ implies nutrition. Hence autotrophic means ‘self-
nutrition’.
● Autotrophic nutrition is the type of nutrition where organisms
synthesize their own food. They are called producers in the
ecosystem.
Process of autotrophic nutrition
 Photosynthesis
1. Absorption: The chlorophyll present in leaves traps the light
coming from the sun.
2. Conversion: The absorbed light energy gets converted into
chemical energy. And water absorbed will split into hydrogen and
oxygen molecules.
3. Reduction: At last, carbon dioxide gets reduced i.e. hydrogen
molecules combine with carbon, to form carbohydrates (sugar
molecules).
Different Groups in Autotrophic Nutrition

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS CHEMOAUTOTROPHS
 What is Photoautotroph?
● refers to the process of photosynthesis. It uses energy
from sun to convert water from the soil and carbon
dioxide from the air into glucose.
● Photoautotrophs examples are land plants(e.g dicots,
grass, ferns, etc.)
 What is Chemoautotroph?
● Chemoautotrophs use energy from chemical reactions to
make food.
● Examples of Chemoautotrophs are methanogens,
halophile, nitrifiers, thermoacidophiles, and sulur
oxidizers and these are called extremophiles.
 Autotrophic Nutrition Advantages
● Autotrophic nutrition helps organisms produce their own
food using simple inorganic materials like water, carbon
dioxide, solar energy, and salt minerals, in the presence of
sunlight.
● Produce food for all the heterotrophs in the ecosystem.
● Beneficial to maintain the energy flow in the ecosystem as
they are the primary producer in the ecosystem.
 Autotrophic Nutrition Disadvantages
● Motility is no longer required.
Heterotrophic
Nutrition
 Table of contents
01 02 03
Introduction Process Groups
Introduction about How heterotrophic nutrition Different Groups in
heterotrophic nutrition works heterotrophic nutrition and
examples

04 05
Advantages Disadvantages
Advatages of heterotrophic Disadvantages of heterotrophic
nutrition nutrition
 What is heterotrophic?
● Hetero means "other" and troph means
"nutrition“

● Organism which have heterotrophic mode of

nutrition are called heterotrophs.
 Heterotrophic Nutrition
● The made of nutrition in which organisms cannot
manufacture food and have to depend upon other plants
and animals to obtain energy is called heterotrophic
nutrition.

● They are called "parasites" or "consumers"

Types of heterotrophic plants
Parasitic Plants Insectivorous

Saprophytic Plants Symbiotic Plants

 What is Parasitic Plants?
● They live on another living plant and derives its
nutrition from the latter.

● Parasitic plants are those which absorb food from

another green plant, called the host.
 Examples
Mistletoe and Cuscuta
(Dodder)

Mistletoe has leathery

green leaves, and so they
can make their own food.
But they depend on the host
for minerals and water.
https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 Examples
Cuscuta has a short root
and a long, thread- like
stem. It twines around the
host stem and sends
branches around
neighbouring stems giving
the appearance of a mass
of noodles or spaghettis.
https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 What is Saprophytic Plants?
● The saprophytic plants derive nutrition from
dead and decaying organic matter.

● They release digestive juices on the dead and

decaying matter.
 Examples
Monotropa

Monotropa uniflora (Indian pipe)

is a small, low-lying wild flower. It
lacks chlorophyll accounting for
its translucent white colour and
completely depend on their fungi
for nutrients. Because it cannot
synthesise its own energy, this
https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
plant is saprophyte.
 Examples
Coral-root is a saprophytic
orchid, meaning that it
obtains its nutrients from
decaying organic matter
through a parasitic
relationship with a fungal
mycelium, rather than from
photosynthesis.
https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 What is Insectivorous Plants?
● Insectivorous plant are plants that derive some or most
of their nutrients by trapping and consuming animals,
mainly insects.

● Found in places where nitrogen is not readily available.

 Examples
In the pitcher plant the leaves is
modified to from a tubular pitcher-
like structure. The inside of the
pitcher is lined with downward
pointing hairs. These hairs do not
allow any insect to climb back up
and escape. The fluid at the
bottom of the pitcher contains
digestive juices that digest the
https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
insect.
 Examples
The slender leaves of bladderworts
bear a large number of very small,
pear-shaped bladders. This opens a
prey, which is sucked in within one-
thousandth of a second.

The bladderwort genus contains

220 widely distributed species of
plants characterized by small hollow
sacs that actively capture and digest
tiny animals such as insect larvae,
aquatic worms, and water fleas.
 Examples
The leaves of sundew have
tentacles with drops of a
sticky substance called
mucilage at the ends.
Insects get stuck in this
substance and become
entangled. The helpless
insects then gets digested.
https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 Examples
The trap of Venus flytrap is
a highly modified leaf. On
the inner surface (reddish
here to attract insects) there
are sort, stiff hairs. When
anything touches these
hairs, the two of the leaves
snap shut in less than a
second.
 What is Symbiotic Plants?
● Plants which live in association with other
species for food resources.

● Association of two different organisms as they

get nourishment from each other.
 Examples
Lichens are an association
between a fungus and a
microscopic plant-green algae.
The fungus obtains nutrients from
the algae, and the fungus in turn
provides shelter to the algae. As a
result, it can grow in harsh
condition like rock surface where
it would otherwise not survive.
https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 Examples
Roots of certain plants such as
peas contain bacteria called
Rhizobium. This bacteria gets
associated with the root of
leguminous plants. The plant
provide shelter to the bacteria.
Rhizobium comverts atmospheric
nitrogen into plant-usable forms,
e.g., ammonia. The plant in turns
provides nutrient for the bacteria’s
growth.
 Heterotrophic Nutrition Advantages
● It provide energy and nutrients for other
organism.
● They help in nutrient recycling.
● They decompose dead and decaying plants and
animal remnants and help in biodegradation
 Heterotrophic Nutrition Disadvantages
● They only depend upon other organisms for food to
survive.
● They can’t make their own food, like green plants.
● They take all the organic substances they need to survive
 04
Animal Nutrition
Detailed Explanation about Animal Nutrition
 Animal Nutrition
● Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food.
They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
● Animals need readymade food and therefore they depend
on either plants or other animals which they eat. For
example, snake eats frogs, insects eat dead bodies of
animals, birds eat worms and insects etc.
 Digestive System
The digestive system converts the
foods we eat into their simplest
forms, like glucose (sugars), amino
acids (that make up protein) or fatty
acids (that make up fats). The
broken-down food is then absorbed
into the bloodstream from the small
intestine and the nutrients are
carried to each cell in the body.
 5 stages of animal nutrition
01 02 03
Ingestion Digestion Absorption

04 05
Assimilation Egestion
 Ingestion
Ingestion means eating food so as to
get energy and carry on the activities of
life. Ingestion is the process of taking
food into the body.
 Digestion
Food that animals eat consists of large
insoluble molecule which cannot be
absorbed by their body. So the process
which breaks down these insoluble food
molecules into small, water soluble
molecules is called digestion.
 Absorption
After the food molecules become small
they pass through the walls of intestine
and go in to blood. This process is
called absorption.
 Assimilation
The absorbed food is now carried to all
parts of the body and to each and every
cell so as to produce energy and to
make materials for the growth and
repair of the body. This process is
called assimilation.
 Egestion
The process through which undigested
food is moved out of the body is called
egestion.
Animal Mode of Nutrition

Heterotrophic
 Heterotrophic Mode of Nutrition
● All the animals cannot make their own food from simple
inorganic material like carbon dioxide and water. They
depend on other organisms for food. This is called
heterotrophic mode of nutrition. The organisms which
depend on other organisms for food are called
heterotrophs.
Type of Heterotrophic Nutrition

Holozoic Nutrition
 Holozoic Nutrition
● Holozoic is a mode of nutrition in which organisms eat
solid food. The food may be a plant product or animal
product.
● Man, cat, dog, bear, giraffe, fog, fish, etc., have holozoic
mode of nutrition.
Type of Animals Based on Food they
eat

01 02 03 04

Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Decomposers

 What is Herbivores?
● Herbivores are those animals which eat
only plants like grass, leaves, fruits, bark
etc.
 Examples

Monotropa uniflora, an
obligate myco-heterotroph
known to parasitize fungi
belonging to
the Russulaceae.

https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 What is Carnivores?
● Those animals which eat only other
animals are called carnivores. They do not
eat plants. Lion, tiger, frog, vulture, wolf,
lizard, etc., are examples of carnivorous
animals. Carnivores are meat eaters.
 Examples

Monotropa uniflora, an
obligate myco-heterotroph
known to parasitize fungi
belonging to
the Russulaceae.

https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 What is Omnivores?
● Those animals which eat both plants and
flesh of other animals are called
omnivores. Dog, crow, sparrow, bear, ant,
etc., are examples of omnivorous animals.
 Examples

Monotropa uniflora, an
obligate myco-heterotroph
known to parasitize fungi
belonging to
the Russulaceae.

https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 What is Decomposers?
● Decomposers feed on dead things: dead
plant materials such as leaf litter and wood,
animal carcasses, and feces.
Examples

Monotropa uniflora, an
obligate myco-heterotroph
known to parasitize fungi
belonging to
the Russulaceae.
Types of Animals based on feeding
mechanism
Substrate Feeders Fluid-Feeders

Filter- Feeders Bulk-Feeders

 Substrate-feeders
animals that live in or on their food
source. Substrate feeders live on or in
their food source. They eat their way
through their food.
 Examples

Monotropa uniflora, an
obligate myco-heterotroph
known to parasitize fungi
belonging to
the Russulaceae.

https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 Filter-feeders
include many aquatic animals which
draw in water and strain small
organisms and food particles present in
the medium. They strain suspended
food particles and tiny organisms from
vast amounts of water. They pass the
water over a filtering structure.
 Examples

Monotropa uniflora, an
obligate myco-heterotroph
known to parasitize fungi
belonging to
the Russulaceae.

https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 Fluid-feeders
they consume another organism's fluid
to obtain nutrients for survival. Nectar,
blood, fruit juice, and sap are all
sources of food for fluid feeders.
 Examples

Monotropa uniflora, an
obligate myco-heterotroph
known to parasitize fungi
belonging to
the Russulaceae.

https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
 Bulk-feeders
organisms consume large amounts of
food by using body parts such as claws,
tentacles, and teeth.
 Examples

Monotropa uniflora, an
obligate myco-heterotroph
known to parasitize fungi
belonging to
the Russulaceae.

https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/bot_102_ali_part_2.pdf
Food Chain
and
Food Web
 Food Chain
describes how energy and nutrients
move through an ecosystem.
Food Chain
 Food Web
a complex network of
interconnecting and overlapping
food chains showing feeding
relationships within a community.
Food Web
 Digestive Compartments

01 02 03

Food vacuoles in Complete digestive

Gastro vascular system
unicellular
cavity or incomplete
organisms
digestive system
 Food vacuoles in unicellular
organisms
Digestion in intracellular in unicellular organisms.
Food is taken by phagocytosis. Food vacuole then
unites with the primary lysosome to form secondary
lysosome. Food molecules are broken down by
hydrolytic enzymes. Undigested materials are thrown
out of the cell by exocytosis.
Gastro vascular cavity or incomplete
digestive system
found in organisms with only one opening for
digestion and waste is excreted.
 Complete Digestive System
The main organs that make up the
digestive system (in order of their
function) are the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum and anus. Helping them along
the way are the pancreas, gall bladder
and liver.
 Nutrients needed by Animals

01 02 03

Carbohydrates Proteins Fats

 Carbohydrates
are energy-providing feed components
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. They should make up about 75
percent of an animal's diet.
 Proteins
are important building blocks of animal
tissues. The majority of animal tissues
and organs need proteins and other
elements as their building blocks.
Therefore, proteins in animal nutrition
are needed for the growth and
regeneration of tissues.
 Fats
provide energy for living organisms,
insulate body organs, and transport fat-
soluble vitamins through the blood.
Essential Nutrients needed by Animals
Amino Acid Vitamins

Fatty Acid Trace Elements

 Amino Acid
The amino acids lysine, tryptophan,
threonine, methionine, phenylalanine,
leucine, isoleucine, and valine are eight
twenty amino acids that humans cannot
synthesize.
 Fatty Acid
used to make unusual membrane lipids;
an example is a linoleic acid in humans
 Vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as
water-soluble Vitamins B, B2, B3, B12,
and C, are organic molecules that are
needed in small amounts for normal
metabolism.
 Trace Elements
Iodine, cobalt, copper, molybdenum,
manganese, and selenium are
examples of inorganic nutrients that the
body requires in minute quantities found
in hormones, and body tissues, and
body fluids.
 Digestion and Absorption
Carbohydrate Fat

Protein Water Soluble

 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth but could not continue in the
stomach due to the acidic pH that
destroys the amylase. It resumes in the
small intestine where the resulting
monosaccharides are absorbed.
 Proteins
Proteins are digested in the stomach
and small intestine. The resulting amino
acids are absorbed in the small
intestine where they leave the intestinal
cell and enter the blood through a
facilitated diffusion carrier in the plasma
membranes on the opposite side.
 Fats
Fat digestion occurs entirely in the small
intestine. Although fatty acids and
monoglycerides enter epithelial cells
from the intestinal lumen, it is
triglycerides that are released on the
other side of the cell and carried by
blood capillaries to be transported
throughout the body.
 Water Soluble
Most water-soluble vitamins are
absorbed by diffusion or active
transport. Fat-soluble vitamins follow
the pathway for fat absorption.
Thank You!
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