CHAPTER 10

WALL
FINISHES
\\ Saman Jamshidi, PhD, MArch, EDAC, NCIDQ

SPR 22
By the end of this lecture, you will know about:

Paints
Wallpapers
Vinyl wallcovering
Fabric wallcovering
Stone wall finish
Ceramic tile wall finish
 PAINTS

Binder
Pigments
Liquid (or carrier)
Additives
 PAINTS

•• Durability
Durability
•• Flexibility
Flexibility
•• Color retention
Color retention
•• Gloss
Gloss
•• Resistance to
Resistance to peeling,
peeling,
scrubbing, and
scrubbing, and staining.
staining.

Binder
Pigments
Liquid (or carrier)
Additives
 PAINTS

•• Durability
Durability
•• Flexibility
Flexibility
•• Color retention
Color retention
•• Gloss
Gloss
•• Resistance to
Resistance to peeling,
peeling,
scrubbing, and
scrubbing, and staining.
staining.

Binder
•• More pigment,
More pigment, less
less gloss
gloss Pigments
Liquid (or carrier)
Additives
 PAINTS

•• Durability
Durability
•• Flexibility
Flexibility
•• Color retention
Color retention
•• Gloss
Gloss
•• Resistance to
Resistance to peeling,
peeling,
scrubbing, and
scrubbing, and staining.
staining.

Binder
•• More pigment,
More pigment, less
less gloss
gloss Pigments
•• Latex
Latex Water
 Water

Liquid (or carrier) •• Oil-based
spirits
spirits
 mineral
Oil-based  mineral

Additives
 PAINTS

•• Durability
Durability
•• Flexibility
Flexibility
•• Color retention
Color retention
•• Gloss
Gloss
•• Resistance to
Resistance to peeling,
peeling,
scrubbing, and
scrubbing, and staining.
staining.

Binder
•• More pigment,
More pigment, less
less gloss
gloss Pigments
•• Latex
Latex Water
 Water

Liquid (or carrier) •• Oil-based
spirits
spirits
 mineral
Oil-based  mineral

Additives

•• For example,
For example, defoamers
defoamers
 PAINTS

•• Durability
Durability
•• Flexibility
Flexibility
•• Color retention
Color retention
•• Gloss
Gloss
•• Resistance to
Resistance to peeling,
peeling,
scrubbing, and
scrubbing, and staining.
staining.

Binder
•• More pigment,
More pigment, less
less gloss
gloss Pigments
•• Latex
Latex Water
 Water

Liquid (or carrier) •• Oil-based
spirits
spirits
 mineral
Oil-based  mineral

Additives

•• For example,
For example, defoamers
defoamers
 PAINTS

•• Durability
Durability
•• Flexibility
Flexibility
•• Color retention
Color retention
•• Gloss
Gloss
•• Resistance to
Resistance to peeling,
peeling,
scrubbing, and
scrubbing, and staining.
staining.

Binder
•• More pigment,
More pigment, less
less gloss
gloss Pigments
•• Latex
Latex Water
 Water

Liquid (or carrier) •• Oil-based
spirits
spirits
 mineral
Oil-based  mineral

Additives

•• For example,
For example, defoamers
defoamers
 LIQUID (OR CARRIER)

Water-based
Solvent-based
 LIQUID (OR CARRIER)

Water-based
Solvent-based
 LIQUID (OR CARRIER)

Water-based
Solvent-based
PAINT GLOSS
•• Before 1978
Before 1978

•• Removed by
Removed
compony
compony
by aa certified
certified
Lead
•• AA new
new layer
layer of
of GWB
GWB VOC
Lead
•• Water-based products
Water-based products are
are
VOC generally environmentally
generally environmentally
friendly.
friendly.
WALLPAPER
 WALLPAPER CALCULATIONS

•• Not as
Not as accurate
accurate as as the
the
strip method.
strip method.
•• Costs estimation
Costs
on price
on
estimation based
price per
per roll.
roll.
based
Square footage method
•• You need
You need to
to memorize
memorize
some numbers.
some numbers. Strip method
 WALLPAPER CALCULATIONS

•• Not as
Not as accurate
accurate as as the
the
strip method.
strip method.
•• Costs estimation
Costs
on price
on
estimation based
price per
per roll.
roll.
based
Square footage method
•• You need
You need to
to memorize
memorize
some numbers.
some numbers. Strip method

•• The strip
The strip method
method works
works
for any width
for any width ofof
wallcovering.
wallcovering.

•• ItIt does
does not
not require
require
memorizing or
memorizing or calculating
calculating
how many square
how many square feet feet
can be
can be covered
covered byby aa roll
roll
of aa given
of given width.
width.
 THE SQUARE FOOTAGE METHOD FOR ROLLS LESS THAN 54 IN WIDE

1. Calculate the perimeter of the room in feet.

2. Multiply the perimeter by the height of the walls to be covered to get the total
amount of area required in square feet.
3. To the area found in step 2, add an extra 20% for waste.
4. Calculate the area of doors, windows, and other features that will not be covered. 15
ft2 for one door opening or two windows is a common rule of thumb.
5. Subtract the area in step 4 from the area in step 3. This is the total area of wallpaper
needed.
6. Divide the area per roll of wallpaper into the area found in step 5 to determine the
number of rolls needed. A roll of 27 in wide wallpaper contains 36 ft2. The more
commonly used double roll contains 72 ft2 (6.68 m2 ). Round fractions up to the next
whole number.
EXAMPLE 1:

A small room is 14.5 ft X 16 ft with an 8.5 ft ceiling

height. It has one door and two small windows. The
wallpaper is to be random matched. About how
many single rolls of 27 in wallpaper are needed?

16 ft

14.5 ft
EXAMPLE 1:

A small room is 14.5 ft X 16 ft with an 8.5 ft ceiling

height. It has one door and two small windows. The
wallpaper is to be random matched. About how
many single rolls of 27 in wallpaper are needed?

16 ft

14.5 ft

STEP 1:
Calculate the perimeter of the room.

14.5 ft+ 16 ft+ 14.5 ft+ 16 ft = 61 ft

EXAMPLE 1:

A small room is 14.5 ft X 16 ft with an 8.5 ft ceiling

height. It has one door and two small windows. The
wallpaper is to be random matched. About how
many single rolls of 27 in wallpaper are needed?

16 ft

14.5 ft

STEP 1:
Calculate the perimeter of the room.

14.5 ft+ 16 ft+ 14.5 ft+ 16 ft = 61 ft

STEP 2:
Multiply the perimeter by the ceiling height.
Because the wallpaper will be random matched, no
adjustment for pattern repeat is required.

(61 ft)(8.5 ft) = 518.5 ft2

EXAMPLE 1:

A small room is 14.5 ft X 16 ft with an 8.5 ft ceiling STEP 3:

height. It has one door and two small windows. The Add a 20% waste factor.
wallpaper is to be random matched. About how
many single rolls of 27 in wallpaper are needed? (518.5 ft2)(0.2) = 103.7 ft2

16 ft 518.5 ft2 + 103.7 ft2 = 622.2 ft2

14.5 ft

STEP 1:
Calculate the perimeter of the room.

14.5 ft+ 16 ft+ 14.5 ft+ 16 ft = 61 ft

STEP 2:
Multiply the perimeter by the ceiling height.
Because the wallpaper will be random matched, no
adjustment for pattern repeat is required.

(61 ft)(8.5 ft) = 518.5 ft2

EXAMPLE 1:

A small room is 14.5 ft X 16 ft with an 8.5 ft ceiling STEP 3:

height. It has one door and two small windows. The Add a 20% waste factor.
wallpaper is to be random matched. About how
many single rolls of 27 in wallpaper are needed? (518.5 ft2)(0.2) = 103.7 ft2

16 ft 518.5 ft2 + 103.7 ft2 = 622.2 ft2

STEP 4:
14.5 ft
Calculate the area not covered. •• 15 ftft22 for
15 for one
one door
door
Allow 15 ft2 for the door and 15 ft 2 for two windows •• 15 ftft for
15 22
for two
two windows
windows
for a total of 30 ft2.

STEP 1:
Calculate the perimeter of the room.

14.5 ft+ 16 ft+ 14.5 ft+ 16 ft = 61 ft

STEP 2:
Multiply the perimeter by the ceiling height.
Because the wallpaper will be random matched, no
adjustment for pattern repeat is required.

(61 ft)(8.5 ft) = 518.5 ft2

EXAMPLE 1:

A small room is 14.5 ft X 16 ft with an 8.5 ft ceiling STEP 3:

height. It has one door and two small windows. The Add a 20% waste factor.
wallpaper is to be random matched. About how
many single rolls of 27 in wallpaper are needed? (518.5 ft2)(0.2) = 103.7 ft2

16 ft 518.5 ft2 + 103.7 ft2 = 622.2 ft2

STEP 4:
14.5 ft
Calculate the area not covered. •• 15 ftft22 for
15 for one
one door
door
Allow 15 ft2 for the door and 15 ft 2 for two windows •• 15 ftft for
15 22
for two
two windows
windows
for a total of 30 ft2.

STEP 1:
Calculate the perimeter of the room.
14.5 ft+ 16 ft+ 14.5 ft+ 16 ft = 61 ft
STEP 5:
Subtract the area not covered from the area found in
step 3 to get the total area of wallpaper needed.
622 ft2 - 30 ft2 = 592 ft2

STEP 2:
Multiply the perimeter by the ceiling height.
Because the wallpaper will be random matched, no
adjustment for pattern repeat is required.

(61 ft)(8.5 ft) = 518.5 ft2

EXAMPLE 1:

A small room is 14.5 ft X 16 ft with an 8.5 ft ceiling STEP 3:

height. It has one door and two small windows. The Add a 20% waste factor.
wallpaper is to be random matched. About how
many single rolls of 27 in wallpaper are needed? (518.5 ft2)(0.2) = 103.7 ft2

16 ft 518.5 ft2 + 103.7 ft2 = 622.2 ft2

STEP 4:
14.5 ft
Calculate the area not covered. •• 15 ftft22 for
15 for one
one door
door
Allow 15 ft2 for the door and 15 ft 2 for two windows •• 15 ftft for
15 22
for two
two windows
windows
for a total of 30 ft2.

STEP 1:
Calculate the perimeter of the room.
14.5 ft+ 16 ft+ 14.5 ft+ 16 ft = 61 ft
STEP 5:
Subtract the area not covered from the area found in
step 3 to get the total area of wallpaper needed.
622 ft2 - 30 ft2 = 592 ft2

STEP 2: STEP 6:
Multiply the perimeter by the ceiling height. Determine the number of single rolls required.
Because the wallpaper will be random matched, no •• AA roll
roll of
of 27
27 inin wide
wide
adjustment for pattern repeat is required. 592 ÷ 36 = 16.44 rolls wallpaper contains
wallpaper contains 36
36 ftft22
per roll
per roll
(61 ft)(8.5 ft) = 518.5 ft2 Round up to the nearest whole number.

17 single rolls of wallpaper are needed.

CALCULATING WALLPAPER WITH REPEATS
CALCULATING WALLPAPER WITH REPEATS
CALCULATING WALLPAPER WITH REPEATS
EXAMPLE 2:

A corridor is 25.5 ft long and open at both ends. The

corridor has a 9 ft ceiling height, which includes a 4
in high base. There are four doors, each 3 ft x 7 ft.
The 27 in wallpaper to be used in this corridor has a
repeat of 20 in and is to be drop matched. About
how many double rolls are needed?

25.5 ft
EXAMPLE 2:

A corridor is 25.5 ft long and open at both ends. The

corridor has a 9 ft ceiling height, which includes a 4
in high base. There are four doors, each 3 ft x 7 ft.
The 27 in wallpaper to be used in this corridor has a
repeat of 20 in and is to be drop matched. About
how many double rolls are needed?

25.5 ft

STEP 1:
Divide the height to be covered by the pattern
repeat. Because there is a 4 in base, the height is
104 in (9 ft is 108 in minus 4 in).

104 in ÷ 20 in = 5.2

Round this up to 6.
EXAMPLE 2:

A corridor is 25.5 ft long and open at both ends. The

corridor has a 9 ft ceiling height, which includes a 4
in high base. There are four doors, each 3 ft x 7 ft.
The 27 in wallpaper to be used in this corridor has a
repeat of 20 in and is to be drop matched. About
how many double rolls are needed?

25.5 ft

STEP 1:
Divide the height to be covered by the pattern
repeat. Because there is a 4 in base, the height is
104 in (9 ft is 108 in minus 4 in).

104 in ÷ 20 in = 5.2

Round this up to 6.

STEP 2:
Multiply the number found in step 1 by the pattern
repeat to get the modified ceiling height.

(6)(20 in) / 12 in/ft = 10 ft

EXAMPLE 2: STEP 3:
Calculate the perimeter of the space, excluding the
A corridor is 25.5 ft long and open at both ends. The open ends of the corridor.
corridor has a 9 ft ceiling height, which includes a 4
in high base. There are four doors, each 3 ft x 7 ft. 25.5 ft+ 25.5 ft= 51 ft
The 27 in wallpaper to be used in this corridor has a
repeat of 20 in and is to be drop matched. About
how many double rolls are needed?

25.5 ft

STEP 1:
Divide the height to be covered by the pattern
repeat. Because there is a 4 in base, the height is
104 in (9 ft is 108 in minus 4 in).

104 in ÷ 20 in = 5.2

Round this up to 6.

STEP 2:
Multiply the number found in step 1 by the pattern
repeat to get the modified ceiling height.

(6)(20 in) / 12 in/ft = 10 ft

EXAMPLE 2: STEP 3:
Calculate the perimeter of the space, excluding the
A corridor is 25.5 ft long and open at both ends. The open ends of the corridor.
corridor has a 9 ft ceiling height, which includes a 4
in high base. There are four doors, each 3 ft x 7 ft. 25.5 ft+ 25.5 ft= 51 ft
The 27 in wallpaper to be used in this corridor has a
repeat of 20 in and is to be drop matched. About
how many double rolls are needed? STEP 4:
Multiply the perimeter by the modified ceiling height.

(51 ft)(l0 ft) = 510 ft2

25.5 ft

STEP 1:
Divide the height to be covered by the pattern
repeat. Because there is a 4 in base, the height is
104 in (9 ft is 108 in minus 4 in).

104 in ÷ 20 in = 5.2

Round this up to 6.

STEP 2:
Multiply the number found in step 1 by the pattern
repeat to get the modified ceiling height.

(6)(20 in) / 12 in/ft = 10 ft

EXAMPLE 2: STEP 3:
Calculate the perimeter of the space, excluding the
A corridor is 25.5 ft long and open at both ends. The open ends of the corridor.
corridor has a 9 ft ceiling height, which includes a 4
in high base. There are four doors, each 3 ft x 7 ft. 25.5 ft+ 25.5 ft= 51 ft
The 27 in wallpaper to be used in this corridor has a
repeat of 20 in and is to be drop matched. About
how many double rolls are needed? STEP 4:
Multiply the perimeter by the modified ceiling height.

(51 ft)(l0 ft) = 510 ft2

25.5 ft

STEP 5:
Add a 20% waste factor.

(510 ft2)(0.2) = 102 ft2

510 ft2 + 102 ft2 = 612 ft2
STEP 1:
Divide the height to be covered by the pattern
repeat. Because there is a 4 in base, the height is
104 in (9 ft is 108 in minus 4 in).

104 in ÷ 20 in = 5.2

Round this up to 6.

STEP 2:
Multiply the number found in step 1 by the pattern
repeat to get the modified ceiling height.

(6)(20 in) / 12 in/ft = 10 ft

EXAMPLE 2: STEP 3:
Calculate the perimeter of the space, excluding the
A corridor is 25.5 ft long and open at both ends. The open ends of the corridor.
corridor has a 9 ft ceiling height, which includes a 4
in high base. There are four doors, each 3 ft x 7 ft. 25.5 ft+ 25.5 ft= 51 ft
The 27 in wallpaper to be used in this corridor has a
repeat of 20 in and is to be drop matched. About
how many double rolls are needed? STEP 4:
Multiply the perimeter by the modified ceiling height.

(51 ft)(l0 ft) = 510 ft2

25.5 ft

STEP 5:
Add a 20% waste factor.

(510 ft2)(0.2) = 102 ft2

510 ft2 + 102 ft2 = 612 ft2
STEP 1:
Divide the height to be covered by the pattern
STEP 6:
repeat. Because there is a 4 in base, the height is
Calculate the area not covered. If a door size is not
104 in (9 ft is 108 in minus 4 in). •• 15 ftft22 for
15 for one
one door
door
given, use 15 ft2.
•• 15 ftft2 for
15 2
for two
two windows
windows
104 in ÷ 20 in = 5.2
In this example, the exact size of the four doors is
given.
Round this up to 6.
(3 ft)(7 ft) = 21 ft2
(4)(21 ft2) = 84 ft2
STEP 2:
Multiply the number found in step 1 by the pattern
repeat to get the modified ceiling height.

(6)(20 in) / 12 in/ft = 10 ft

EXAMPLE 2: STEP 3:
Calculate the perimeter of the space, excluding the
A corridor is 25.5 ft long and open at both ends. The open ends of the corridor.
corridor has a 9 ft ceiling height, which includes a 4
in high base. There are four doors, each 3 ft x 7 ft. 25.5 ft+ 25.5 ft= 51 ft
The 27 in wallpaper to be used in this corridor has a
repeat of 20 in and is to be drop matched. About
how many double rolls are needed? STEP 4:
Multiply the perimeter by the modified ceiling height.

(51 ft)(l0 ft) = 510 ft2

25.5 ft

STEP 5:
Add a 20% waste factor.

(510 ft2)(0.2) = 102 ft2

510 ft2 + 102 ft2 = 612 ft2
STEP 1:
Divide the height to be covered by the pattern
STEP 6:
repeat. Because there is a 4 in base, the height is
Calculate the area not covered. If a door size is not
104 in (9 ft is 108 in minus 4 in). •• 15 ftft22 for
15 for one
one door
door
given, use 15 ft2.
•• 15 ftft2 for
15 2
for two
two windows
windows
104 in ÷ 20 in = 5.2
In this example, the exact size of the four doors is
given.
Round this up to 6.
(3 ft)(7 ft) = 21 ft2
(4)(21 ft2) = 84 ft2
STEP 2:
Multiply the number found in step 1 by the pattern
repeat to get the modified ceiling height. STEP 7:
Subtract the area not covered from the area found in
(6)(20 in) / 12 in/ft = 10 ft step 5 to get the total area of wallpaper needed.

612 ft2 - 84 ft2 = 528 ft2

EXAMPLE 2:
A corridor is 25.5 ft long and open at both ends. The
corridor has a 9 ft ceiling height, which includes a 4
in high base. There are four doors, each 3 ft x 7 ft.
The 27 in wallpaper to be used in this corridor has a
repeat of 20 in and is to be drop matched. About
how many double rolls are needed?
STEP 3: STEP 8:
Calculate the perimeter of the space, excluding the Determine the number of double rolls required. A
open ends of the corridor. double roll of 27 in wallpaper contains 72 ft2.
25.5 ft+ 25.5 ft= 51 ft 528 ft2 ÷ 72 = 7.33 rolls
Round up to the nearest whole number.
STEP 4:
8 double rolls of wallpaper are needed.
Multiply the perimeter by the modified ceiling height.

(51 ft)(l0 ft) = 510 ft2

25.5 ft

STEP 5:
Add a 20% waste factor.

(510 ft2)(0.2) = 102 ft2

510 ft2 + 102 ft2 = 612 ft2
STEP 1:
Divide the height to be covered by the pattern
STEP 6:
repeat. Because there is a 4 in base, the height is
Calculate the area not covered. If a door size is not
104 in (9 ft is 108 in minus 4 in). •• 15 ftft22 for
15 for one
one door
door
given, use 15 ft2.
•• 15 ftft2 for
15 2
for two
two windows
windows
104 in ÷ 20 in = 5.2
In this example, the exact size of the four doors is
given.
Round this up to 6.
•• Single roll
Single roll -- 36
36 ftft22 per
per roll
roll
(3 ft)(7 ft) = 21 ft2 •• Double roll
Double roll –– 72
72 ftft per
22
per roll
roll
(4)(21 ft2) = 84 ft2
STEP 2:
Multiply the number found in step 1 by the pattern
repeat to get the modified ceiling height. STEP 7:
Subtract the area not covered from the area found in
(6)(20 in) / 12 in/ft = 10 ft step 5 to get the total area of wallpaper needed.

612 ft2 - 84 ft2 = 528 ft2

VINYL WALLCOVERING
 VINYL WALLCOVERING

Double-cutting
Butting
 GRADES

•• Light duty
Light duty
Type I
Type II •• Medium duty
Medium duty

Type III
•• Heavy duty
Heavy duty
 VINYL WALLCOVERING CALCULATIONS

Vinyl wallcovering is sold by the linear yard.

Most commercial wallcovering has a width of 54 in.
 VINYL WALLCOVERING CALCULATIONS // Wallcovering 54 in Wide

1. Calculate the perimeter of the room in feet.

2. Multiply the perimeter by the height of the room or space to be covered to get the
area in square feet.
3. Subtract any significant areas not to be covered from the area calculated in step 2.
This is the total area of wallcovering required.
4. Divide the total area found in step 3 by 13.5 ft2/yd. This is the number of square feet
in a linear yard of 54 in wide material. The result is the yardage required. If linear
footage is required, multiply by 3 ft/yd.
5. In some cases, estimators will add a percentage, usually 10%, to the yardage for
lengthwise trimming and other waste.
EXAMPLE 3:

A room is 23 ft wide by 18 ft long, with a 9.5 ft

ceiling height and a 2.5 ft wood wainscot. There are
two doors and two windows. The area above the
wainscot is to be covered with 54 in wide vinyl
wallcovering costing $IO/linear ft. What is the cost
of the material?

STEP 1: STEP 4:
Calculate the perimeter of the room. Calculate the linear yardage required by dividing the
•• 13.5 isis the
13.5 the number
number of of
square feet
square feet inin aa linear
linear
area found in step 2 by 13.5 ft2/yd.
23 ft + 18 ft + 23 ft + 18 ft = 82 ft yard of
yard of 5454 inin wide
wide
574 ft2 ÷ 13.5 = 42.5 yd
material.
material.

STEP 2: For this problem, linear yardage must be converted to •• IfIf linear
linear footage
footage isis
Multiply the perimeter by the height to be covered. linear footage. required, multiply
required, multiply by
by 33
The height of the ceiling minus the height of the ft/yd.
ft/yd.
wainscoting is 7 ft. (42.5 yd)(3 ft/yd) = 127.5 ft

(82 ft) (7 ft) = 574 ft2

STEP 3: STEP 5:
In this example, the doors and windows are not Multiply the linear footage needed by the cost per
significant, so no reduction is made. foot.

(127.5 ft)($10) = $1275

FABRIC WALLCOVERING
TYPES OF UPHOLSTERED WALLS
 TYPES OF UPHOLSTERED WALLS

Upholstered Walls Acoustic Panels

FIRE RATING REQUIREMENTS

ASTM E84
NFPA 286
STONE WALL FINISHES
INTERIOR STONE VENEER
VERTICAL JOINT TYPES FOR STANDARD SET STONE
ANCHORING METHODS FOR HORIZONTAL JOINTS
https://youtu.be/g-gFvpR9rSs
THIN-SET PARTITION FINISH
 COORDINATION

Substrate
Light switches, thermostats, etc.
Fire-rated partitions and anchors
Maximum slab size
CERAMIC TILE WALL FINISHES

Thin-set
Full mortar bed
 CERAMIC TILE WALL FINISHES

•• Residential
Residential
•• Light commercial
Light commercial
installations
installations
•• Moderate cost
Moderate cost
•• Minimum weight
Minimum weight and
and
thickness
thickness

•• NOT be
NOT be used
used inin areas
areas Thin-set
subject to
subject to continuous
continuous
wetting.
wetting.
Full mortar bed
THIN-SET CERAMIC TILE
THE FULL MORTAR BED METHOD
https://youtu.be/Ao0eQmKiQ2w