FLUID MECHANICS AND

HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Dr. N.R. BANAPURMATH

B.E. (Mech), MTech (Thermal), PhD
Professor and Head (Centre for Material Science)
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
BVBCET, KLE Technological University
FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC
MACHINES

CHAPTER 4
FLOW IN PIPES
 DARCY-WEISBATCH EQUATION
To find the Shear Stress and relation between
τ and f:
----(1)

Where F1=Shear Stress x Surface Area

and
Equation (1) Becomes:

----(2)
From Darcy-Weisbach equation
----(3)
[Equating (2)=(3)]

----(4)
 DARCY-WEISBATCH EQUATION
Problem (1): A smooth pipe of diameter 40 cm and length 800 m
carries water at rate of 0.04 m3/s. Determine the head lost due to
friction, wall shear stress. Take υwater=0.018 stokes = 0.018 x10-4 m2/s .
Solution:
 DARCY-WEISBATCH EQUATION
Problem (1): A smooth pipe of diameter 40 cm and length 800 m
carries water at rate of 0.04 m3/s. Determine the head lost due to
friction, wall shear stress. Take υwater=0.018 stokes = 0.018 x10-4 m2/s .
Solution:
Average velocity (V)

104
(Flow is turbulent)
=0.00485
Head Lost due to friction:
=0.20m
Wall shear stress:
=
 DARCY-WEISBATCH EQUATION
(1) Loss of Head due to sudden enlargement:

(2) Loss of Head due to sudden Contraction:

2

Where Cc is the coefficient of contraction

(3) Loss of Head at the entrance to pipe from a large vessel:

Where V is the velocity in the pipe

 MINOR ENERGY LOSSES
Problem (1)
MINOR ENERGY LOSSES
 MINOR ENERGY LOSSES
Problem (1): The rate of flow of water through horizontal pipe is 0.25
m3/s. The diameter of the pipe which is 20 cm is suddenly enlarged to
40 cm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is 12 X 104 N/m2.
Determine (i) the loss of head due to sudden enlargement (ii)
Pressure intensity in the large pipe and (iii) Power lost due to
enlargement.
Solution:
 MINOR ENERGY LOSSES
Problem (2): A horizontal pipe of diameter of 50 cm is suddenly
contracted to a diameter 0f 25 cm. The pressure intensities in the
large and smaller pipe is given as 13.734 X 104 N/m2and 11.77 X 104
N/m2 respectively. Find the loss of head due to contraction if Cc=0.62.
Also determine the rate of flow of water.
Solution:
 MINOR ENERGY LOSSES
Problem (3): A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water
tank at one end and discharges freely into the atmosphere at the
other end. For the first 25 m of its length from the tank, the pipe is 15
cm diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarges to 30 cm. The
height of water level in the tank is 8 m above the center of the pipe.
Considering all losses of head which occur, determine the rate of flow.
Take f=0.01 for both sections of the pipe.
Solution:
 MINOR ENERGY LOSSES
Solution:
 MINOR ENERGY LOSSES
Problem (4): Determine the difference in the elevations between the
water surfaces in the two tanks which are connected by a horizontal
pipe of diameter 30 cm and length 400m. The rate of flow of water
through the pipe is 300 liters/second. Consider all losses and take the
value of f=0.008.
Solution:
 MINOR ENERGY LOSSES
Solution:
 NUMERICALS ON VENTURIMETER
Problem (1): An oil of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through a
horizontal venturimeter having inlet diameter 20 cm and throat
diameter is 10 cm. The oil-mercury differential manometer shows
a reading of 25 cm. Calculate the discharge of oil through the
venturimeter. Take =0.98.
Solution:
 NUMERICALS ON VENTURIMETER
Problem (1): An oil of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through a
horizontal venturimeter having inlet diameter 20 cm and throat
diameter is 10 cm. The oil-mercury differential manometer shows
a reading of 25 cm. Calculate the discharge of oil through the
venturimeter. Take =0.98.
Solution: A1 =0.03141 m2, A2 =0.007854 m2,

The discharge Q is given by

=0.070465 m3/s
 NUMERICALS ON VENTURIMETER
Problem (2): A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 20
cm and throat diameter 10 cm is used to measure the flow of oil of
specific gravity 0.8. The discharge of oil through venturimeter is 60
liters/s. Find the reading of the oil-mercury differential manometer.
Take =0.98.
 NUMERICALS ON VENTURIMETER
Problem (2): A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter
20 cm and throat diameter 10 cm is used to measure the flow
of oil of specific gravity 0.8. The discharge of oil through
venturimeter is 60 liters/s. Find the reading of the oil-mercury
differential manometer. Take =0.98.

Solution: A1 =0.03141 m2, A2 =0.007854 m2,

(Mercury Reading)
 NUMERICALS ON VENTURIMETER
Problem (3): A 30cm Χ15cm venturimeter is inserted in vertical
pipe carrying water, flowing in the upward direction. A differential
mercury manometer connected to the inlet and throat gives a
reading of 20cm. find discharge. Take =0.98.
 NUMERICALS ON VENTURIMETER
Problem (3): A 30cm Χ15cm venturimeter is inserted in
vertical pipe carrying water, flowing in the upward direction. A
differential mercury manometer connected to the inlet and
throat gives a reading of 20cm. find discharge. Take =0.98.

Solution: A1 =0.03141 m2, A2 =0.007854 m2

(Mercury Reading)
 NUMERICALS ON VENTURIMETER
Problem (4): A 30cmΧ15cm venturimeter is provided in a vertical
pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.9, the flow being
upwards .The difference in elevation of the throat section and
entrance section venturimeter 30cm.The differential U-tube
mercury manometer show a gauge deflection of 25cm.calculated:
(1) the discharge of oil, and (2) the pressure difference between
the entrance section and the throat section. Take co-efficient of
meter as 0.98 and specific gravity of mercury as 13.6.
 NUMERICALS ON VENTURIMETER
Problem (5): Crude oil of specific gravity 0.85 flows upwards at a
volume rate of flow of 60 liter per second through a vertical
venturimeter with an inlet diameter of 200mm and a throat
diameter of 100mm.The co-efficient of discharge of venturimeter is
0.98.The vertical distance between the pressures tapping is
300cm. (1) if two pressure gauges are connected at the
tapping’s such that they are positioned at the levels of their
corresponding tapping points, determine the difference of reading
in N/ 〖 𝑐 𝑚 〗 ^2 of the two pressure gauge. (2) If a mercury
differential manometer is connected, in place of pressure gauge,
to the tapping’s such that the connecting tube up to mercury are
filled with oil, determine the difference in the level of mercury
column.
 NUMERICALS ON PITOT TUBE
Problem (1): A pitot –static tube placed in the center of a 300mm
pipe line has one orifice pointing upstream and other perpendicular
to it. The mean velocity in the pipe is 0.80 of the central velocity.
Find the discharge through the pipe if the pressure difference
between the two orifices is 60mm of water. Take the co-efficient of
Pitot tube as 𝑐_𝑣=0.98.
 NUMERICALS ON PITOT TUBE
Problem (2): Find the velocity of the flow of an oil through a
pipe, when the difference of mercury level in a differential U-tube
manometer connected to the two tapping’s of the pitot- tube is
100mm. take co-efficient of pitot –tube 0.98 and sp.gr. Of
oil=0.8.
 NUMERICALS ON PITOT TUBE
Problem (2): Find the velocity of the flow of an oil through a
pipe, when the difference of mercury level in a differential U-tube
manometer connected to the two tapping’s of the pitot- tube is
100mm. take co-efficient of pitot –tube 0.98 and sp.gr. Of
oil=0.8.
Solution: Diff. of mercury level, x=100mm=0.1m
Sp.gr. of oil =0.8
Sp.gr.of mercury =13.6, =0.98

Diff of pressure head, h=x[ -1] =.1[ -1] = 1.6m of oil

Velocity of flow = =0.98 =5.49m/s
 NUMERICALS ON PITOT TUBE
Problem (2): Problem 6.25: A sub – marine moves horizontally
in sea and has its axis 15m below the surface of water. A pitot –
tube properly placed just in front of the sub- marine and long its
axis is connected to the two limbs of a U-tube containing
mercury. The difference of mercury level is found to be
170mm.Find the speed of the sub- marine knowing that the sp.gr.
Of mercury is 13.6and that of sea-water is 1.026with respect of
fresh water.
Solution:
 NUMERICALS ON PITOT TUBE
Solution:
Diff. of mercury level, x=170mm=0.17m
Sp.gr. of mercury =13.6
Sp.gr.of sea water =13.6

h=x[ -1] =0.17[ -1] = 2.0834m

V = =0.98 =6.393m/s

V= km/hr =23.01km/hr.
 NUMERICALS ON RAYLEIGHS METHOD
Problem 1: Prove by the method of dimensional analysis that R
that resistance to the motion of a sphere of radius r falling with a
velocity V through a fluid of viscosity μ is given by R= k μ r V
where k is a dimensionless constant.

Problem 2: Find the expression for the power P, developed by a

pump when P depends upon the head H, the discharge Q, and
specific weight γ, of the fluid.

Problem 3: Find an expression for the drag force on smooth

sphere of diameter D, moving with a uniform velocity V, in a
fluid of density ρ and dynamic viscosity μ.