SHIPPING

Shipping is literary the physical movement of goods from one point to another, such as the moving of merchandise from
the warehouse to the customer.

MODES OF SHIPS
 PASSENGERS SHIP
 CARRIERS SHIPS
TYPES OF SHIPS:

 DRY CARGO SHIPS

 BULK CARRIERS
 GENERAL CARGO SHIPS
 CONTAINER VESSELS
 LIQUID CARGO VESSELS
 CRUDE CAEEIERS
 PRODUCT CARRIERS
 LIQUIFIED GAS CARRIERS
 TUGS BOATS
PARTS OF SHIPS
1.HULL
The main structure of a ship is hull.The hull is
divided into three areas: fore end, after end and
amidships. The fore end is bow, the after end is
stern. The right side of ship is called the starboard
and the other side is port.

HULL AS TWO TYPES

1.SINGLE HULL
2.DOUBLE HULL
2.KEEL
providing strength to the ships
structure; spreading stress and load
equally
SURVEY IN SHIPS
•SURVEY
•TYPES OF SURVEY
•PREPARETIONS FOR SURVEY
•CRITICAL STRUCTURAL AREAS
•CONVENTIONAL NDT METHODS
•TYPES OF CORROSION
•EXAMINATION AND REPAIR
•PARTS OF HULL STRUCTURE
 SURVEY IN SHIPS
SURVEY
Surveys improve ship safety and protect seafarers
Upon delivery or change of flag of a ship, and on ships in service, periodical surveys by the
flag state administration or by a recognized organization (classification society) are required. These
surveys form the base for the issuance of ship safety certificates and their renewal or extension of
validity. By means of the surveys flag states ensures compliance of ships under their flag with the
requirements regarding ship safety or working and living conditions on board.
 PREPARETION OF SURVEY
Personnel safety equipment's – Coverall, Helmet, safety Harness, Industrial Shoe, Googles.
Inspection Gadgets – Torch light, Measuring Tape, Marker,

 The owner is to provide the necessary facilities for a safe execution of the survey
 Tanks and spaces are to be safe for access (i.e) gas freed detection, ventilated, illuminated.
SURVEY IN
SHIPS

TYPES OF SURVEY
• Closeup Surveys
• Annual Surveys
• Special Periodical Surveys
• Intermediate Surveys
• Continuous Surveys
• Drydocking Surveys
 SURVEY IN SHIPS
Closeup Surveys:
Close-up Survey are required for general assessment and recording of corrosion patterns.

Annual Surveys:
Annual surveys are to be made during each year of after ship construction

Special Periodical Survey:

The first special periodical survey becomes due five years after the date of build.
Subsequent special periodical surveys are due five tears after the crediting date of the previous special periodical survey
Special periodical survey is nit completed at one time ,it will be credited as os the completion date of the survey but no
later than six years from date of build (or) from the date recorded for the previous special periodical survey
 SURVEY IN SHIPS
TYPES OF SURVEY
Intermediate Surveys:
To be carried out at the second or Third Annual survey of each five-year period or between these
surveys.

Continuous Surveys:
At the request of the owner

Drydocking Surveys:
For vessels classed great lakes services, operating solely within the recognized boundaries for great
lakes voyages. The regular interval for drydocking survey is five years.
Survey has been carried out, including additional examinations afloat as may be deemed necessary by
the attending surveyor can be extended to a maximum six years.
 SURVEY IN SHIPS

CRITICAL STRUCTURAL AREAS

 Critical Structural Areas are locations which have been identified from calculations to require monitoring or from the service
history of the subject ship or from similar or sister ships (if available) to be sensitive to cracking, buckling or corrosion which
would impair the structural integrity of the ship.

Critical Structural Areas:

 Cracking
 Buckling
 Corrosion
 SURVEY IN SHIPS
Surveyor Duties And Responsibilities
 Conduct surveys throughout the ship's life (building new ship, annual survey, interim survey, special survey) to ensure standards are maintained;
 Perform inspections required by domestic statutes and international conventions by the International Maritime Organization (IMO);
 Witness tests and operation of emergency and safety machinery and equipment;
 Measure ships for tonnage and survey them for load line assignment;
 Attend court as an expert witness and assist in coroner's inquiries;
 Investigate marine accidents.
 Determine "Fair Market Value, "Damage Repair Costs", and Replacement Value".
 When considered necessary by the surveyor, NDT and Thickness measurements maybe required after visual examination and function test.
 Surface inspection of important tee or corner joints in critical locations, using an approved magnetic particle or penetrant testing method is to be
conducted to the satisfaction of the surveyor.
Necessary conditions:
1) Critical Tee joint and Critical Corner joint
2) Extensive area of corrosion
3) Cracking
4) Pitted corrosion
5) Buckling
6) Damage of ship structure
7) Excessive Deterioration
 SURVEY IN SHIPS

TYPES OF CORROSION

 Edge Corrosion
 Excessive Corrosion
 Extensive Area of Corrosion
 Local Corrosion
 Overall Corrosion
 SURVEY IN SHIPS

TYPES OF CORROSION
 Edge Corrosion
Edge corrosion is defined as local corrosion at the free edge of plates, stiffeners, primary sup

 Excessive Corrosion
Corrosion that exceeds the allowable limits.

 Extensive Area of Corrosion

Over pitting area , Over 70% or more of plating surface area damage to pitting or rusting (by evidence of thinning)

 Local Corrosion
Local breakdown in coating from contact damage insufficient preparation or areas of stress concentration.

 Overall Corrosion
Appears as a non-protective rust which can uniformly occur on tank internal surface that are uncoated (or) where
coating has totally deteriorated. The rust scale continuous to break off, exposing fresh metal to corrosive attack
 SURVEY IN SHIPS
CONVENTIONAL NDT METHODS

 Magnetic Particle Testing

 Liquid Penetrant Testing
 Ultrasonic Testing
 Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement (UTM)
 Radiographic Testing
 SURVEY IN SHIPS
CONVENTIONAL NDT METHODS

 Magnetic Particle Testing

Magnetic Particle Testing, also known as Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) is the process whereby a component is magnetized
to produce lines of magnetic flux within the component. When the lines of flux meet a discontinuity that lies in a generally
perpendicular orientation to the direction of flux flow, a flux leakage field is formed at and just above the component surface. The
flux leakage is revealed by the use of finely divided ferromagnetic particles that are caused to flow over the surface, some of
which are gathered and held by the leakage field. These magnetic particles, which may be either in the form of a powder (dry) or
in a liquid suspension (wet), are used to form an outline of the discontinuity and indicate its location, size, shape and extent

Types of yokes:
 Permanent magnetic yoke

 Electromagnetic yoke
 SURVEY IN SHIPS
CONVENTIONAL NDT METHODS

 Liquid Penetrant Testing

The liquid penetrant is drawn into the surface-breaking crack by capillary action and excess surface penetrant is then
removed a developer is then applied to the surface to draw out the penetrant in the crack and produce a surface indication
 SURVEY IN SHIPS
CONVENTIONAL NDT METHODS

 Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic Testing is based on the principle of sound waves transmitting through materials. Sound waves are transmitted and
received by piezoelectric probes called ultrasonic transducers. The two types of sound waves used in NDT are longitudinal or
compression waves and shear or transverse waves.
 CONVENTIONAL NDT METHODS

 Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement

Ultrasonic thickness measuring instrument is based on the principle of ultrasonic pulse reflection to measure the thickness, when
the ultrasonic pulse emitted by the probe through the measured object to reach the material interface, the pulse is reflected back to the probe,
by accurately measuring the ultrasonic wave in the material to determine the thickness of the measured material.
 SURVEY IN SHIPS
CONVENTIONAL NDT METHODS

 Radiographic Testing
In Radiography Testing, the part to be tested is placed between the radiation source and a piece of sensitive film or detector.
Once the x-ray or gamma-ray radiation is started, the test part will hinder some of the radiation by its material density and
thickness. Thicker and more dense material will allow less radiation to pass through the specimen. The film (or an electronic
device) records the amount of radiation (known as radiograph) that reaches the film through the test specimen.
 SURVEY IN SHIPS

EXAMINATION AND REPAIR

 Damage, failure, deterioration or repair to hull, machinery or equipment, which affects or may
affect classification is to be submitted by the owners.
(or)
 Their representatives for examination by a surveyor at first opportunity
 All repairs found necessary by the surveyor are to be carried out to surveyor satisfaction.
 Where repairs to hull machinery or equipment, which affect or may affect classification, are
planned to be carried out a complete repair procedure including the extent to proposed repair
and the need for surveyors' attendance is to be submitted to and agreed upon by ABS
reasonably in advance.
 SURVEY IN SHIPS
REPAIR PARTS OF HULL STRUCTURE

Prompt and Thorough Repairs:

 Side shell frames, side shell plating
 Deck structure and Deck plating
 Bottom structure and Bottom plating
 Inner bottom structure and Inner bottom plating
 Watertight and Non-watertight bulkheads.
 Hatch covers and hatch coamings, where fitted
 Weld connection between air pipes and deck plating
 Air pipe heads installed on the exposed decks
 Ventilators including closing devices
 Bunker and vent piping systems
 Side structure and side plating
 Inner side structure and Inner side plating
 Longitudinal bulkhead structure and Longitudinal bulkhead plating
 Transverse watertight or Non-watertight structure and bulkhead plating