Cchacon - Aplicaciones de Ley de Biot-Savart

97.
315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Biot-Savard
APPLICATIONS OF
BIOT-SAVART
LAW
Lecture 21 TITLE
97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Biot-Savard
• Theory
• The Biot-Savard Law
• Examples of calculation
• Two point charges on axis
• Two point charges, one off axis
• Theory
• Multiple point charges, N>2
• Examples of calculation
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier 1768 to 1830
• Three point charges
• Force balancing
• Assignment
• References
• Summary
Lecture 21 OUTLINE
BIOT-SAVARD LAW
Consider a small segment of wire of overall length d
The Biot-Savard law applied to the small segment gives an
element of magnetic field dB at the point P.

dB
r̂21
97.315BasicE&MandPowerEngineering Topic:H,BBASICS P
Magnetostatics
Postulate2forthem
Same result as 
r
agneticfield
Acurrent elem
field B w

ent Idproducesam agnetic
hichat adistanceRisgivenby:
postulate 2 for the 21
I

magnetic field
  I R
ˆ
dB o 2 d
4 R

R
R̂ Id
I
Lecture16 THEORY
Unitsof{T, G,W
dB
b/m2} Lecture 16
Lecture 21 REVIEW d
Example (Question)
Obtain an expression for the magnetic along the axis of
a long but finite length solenoid. See figure for dimensions.
Current out of page
a Axis of solenoid
P
Current into page
L
Evaluate B field here finite coil of wire carrying a current I
Cross-section cut through solenoid axis
In Lecture 17 we examined the magnetic field
inside an infinitely long solenoid. We found that
Radius of solenoid is a. no magnetic field existed on the outside of the
solenoid and that inside the magnetic field was
uniform and directed along the axis.
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Question)
Obtain an expression for the magnetic along the axis of a long but finite
length solenoid. See figure for dimensions.
We will first establish that
we need only treat the
9 7 .3 1 5 B a s ic E & M a n d P o w e r E n g in e e r in g T o p ic : B io t - S a v a r d
component of the magnetic E x a m p le (S o lu tio n )
O b ta in a n e x p r e s s io n fo r th e m a g n e tic fie ld a t a p o in t z a b o v e t h e c e n tra l a x is o f th e
field which is along the axis c u r re n t rin g . T h e c u rre n t rin g is c e n te r e d o n th e c o o rd in a te o r ig in a n d lie s in th e (x , y ) p la n e . A

c u r re n t I f lo w s in a c o u n te r c lo c k w is e d ire c tio n in th e rin g .

of the solenoid. To do this dB

dB
we can recall the procedure 

r21
z M a g n e tic fie ld o n th e c e n tr a l a x is
o f th e c ir c u la r c u rr e n t r in g
used to compute the electric 
a a
field at a point above a
single coil. See example in   oI a 2
B  zˆ
lecture 20 for details. The
important features of the
I out of page
I in to p a g e
L e c tu re 2 0 EXAM PLE
2 a 2
 z2  3
discussion are shown on the

next slide.
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Question)
Examine opposite sides of one coil. 1 I out

dBin
Axis of solenoid dB z
z

dBout
  1 I in
dBout dBin
Thus we need only treat the axial
components of the magnetic field.
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Question)
We will start the analysis of the solenoid by first examining a

small segment of the wire coils. Eventually we will apply the
Biot-Savard Law to obtain the magnetic field produced by the
segment. Then if we sum (integrate) over all segments we can
obtain the magnetic field on the axis.
The next slide shows the segment of interest.
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Question)
d
Segment of the solenoid coil
Develop a few
1 2 3 4 5 relations
Current out of page 
arc length  rd 
d r d 
rd 
a sin  
a
sin   
 r
Axis of solenoid
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
dB z
97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Biot-Savart
Example (Question)
L
The solenoid consists on N turns of wire ”rings of current”
each carrying a current I.
The number of turns per unit length of solenoid can be expressed as:
N
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
L
Example (Question)
Obtain an expression for the magnetic along the axis of rd 
d 
a long but finite length solenoid. See figure for dimensions.
sin  
d
The current in a segment (dI) can be expressed as the current

in one ring (I) multiplied by the number of turns per unit
length (N/L) and multiplied by the segment length d.
N N r
dI  I d dI  I d
L L sin  
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Question)
Obtain an expression for the magnetic along the axis of a long but finite length
solenoid. See figure for dimensions.
We now have performed the required preliminary steps before the

Biot-Savard Law can be applied to the finite length solenoid. We
could proceed to sum all of the z axis contributions for each
current segment of each coil of the solenoid. This approach
would work and work well but for the sake of time we will make
use a result from a previous example. We will extract the
magnetic field expression at a point P located a distance z from
the center of the ring, then sum over all the rings. This approach
requires less work.
The next slide shows the expression for a single ring

N r
dB dI  I d
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
z L sin  
Example (Question)
9 7 .3 1 5 B a s ic E & M a n d P o w e r E n g in e e r in g T o p ic : B io t-S a v a r d
z
E x a m p le (S o lu tio n )
r
O b ta in a n e x p re s s io n fo r th e m a g n e tic fie ld a t a p o in t z a b o v e th e c e n tra l a x is o f th e
c u rre n t rin g . T h e c u rre n t rin g is c e n te re d o n th e c o o rd in a te o r ig in a n d lie s in th e (x , y ) p la n e . A
c u rre n t I flo w s in a c o u n te r c lo c k w is e d ire c tio n in th e rin g .

dB

dB
 M a g n e tic f ie ld o n th e c e n tr a l a x is
r z
d  ad
21 o f th e c irc u la r c u rre n t rin g
a

a
d
  I 2 a
I
a
B  o zˆ
I out of page
I in to p a g e
2 a 2
 z2  3
y
L e c tu re 2 0 EXAM PLE
x
Each ring of the solenoid
contributes a magnetic field. Can
use this expression for our finite
solenoid. Sum over the rings.
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Question)
Current out of page 1 2 3 4 5
d r
a

Axis of solenoid
dB z
A segment of the solenoid produces only a portion of the magnetic
field. Thus:  
B  dB  dBz zˆ
FOR
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
I  dI
Example (Question)
d
Segment of the solenoid coil
Develop a few
1 2 3 4 5 relations
Current out of page 
arc length  rd 
d r d 
rd 
a sin  
a
sin   
 r
Axis of solenoid
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
dB z
Example (Question)
1 2 3 4 5
NIr a
dI  d sin   
L sin   r
sub in
d r
a

dB z
Expression for the magnetic field produced by a

segment of the solenoid:
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Question)
We have skillfully converted the magnetic field

contribution over the segment to one which
depends on the angular extent of the segment.
This makes obtaining the magnetic field on the
axis for various solenoid lengths easy to obtain.
d
 2  1
L
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Question)
solenoid. See figure for dimensions. d
 2  1
L
We can now sum (integrate) the expression for dBz over the
angular extent of the coil. i.e. sum over all the rings of the finite
length solenoid.
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Question)
d
 0
  180
2
1
INFINITE SOLENOID RESULT
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Question)
solenoid. See figure for dimensions. d
  180   90
1
2
Magnetic field is ½ that of center

Lecture 21 EXAMPLE END
Example (Question)
Consider the flat coil spring of the figure below which
carries a current I in the counter clockwise direction. The shape
of the coil can be described through the angle  as:
R  ( L  a )
Where L and a are constants. For the coil shown the angle 
varies from 0 to 6, thus producing three full turns. Compute
using the Biot-Savard Law the magnetic field at the center of
the coil.

L
Lecture 20 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
Consider the flat coil spring of the figure below which carries a current I in
the counter clockwise direction.
 
d
L
The solution is not all that difficult once the magnitude and
direction of the current segment is properly expressed in
vector form. The next few slides give the development for
the expression for the current segment.
Lecture 20 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)

d r̂
The current segment can best L  a  d 
ˆ
be expressed using
cylindrical coordinates.
d

rˆ, ˆ, zˆ  L  a
We will express the start

and end points of the o
current segment as
points in the cylindrical
coordinate system.
Lecture 20 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
L  a  d ,   d 
By vector analysis 
d
  
d   r2  r1  r̂
r2 ˆ
 d
 L  a ,  
d   drrˆ  dˆ r1
dr  ad
And in vector form
d  L  a d
o 
d   adrˆ  L  a dˆ
Lecture 20 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
L  a  d ,   d 
We can now use the Biot-Savard Law
to obtain an expression for the

d
magnetic field produced by the 
r̂
r2 r̂12
current segment.
d
 L  a ,  
r1 We will sub in:

d   adrˆ  L  a dˆ
o
rˆ12  rˆ
 2
r12  L  a 
2
Lecture 20 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
L  a  d ,   d 

d r̂
r̂12
Performing the cross product
d L  a ,  
Simplify We will sub in:

d   adrˆ  L  a dˆ
o
rˆ12  rˆ
 2
r12  L  a 
2
Lecture 20 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
 
d
L
We can now sum “integrate” over the entire length of the spring
coil. This implies an integration over the angle  from 0 to 6
(three full revolutions).
Lecture 20 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
 
d
L
Gives
This is the expression for
the magnetic field at the
center point of the three
turn spring coil.
Lecture 20 EXAMPLE
Can verify result.
Example (Solution)
 
d
L
The position coordinate for

a current segment is given
by the expression:
R  ( L  a ) 
d
If we set a = 0 then the spring
coil becomes a circular ring
L
consisting of three wire turns.
Lecture 20 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
 
d
L
We then expect that the above result revert to the three turn ring
result when a = 0.

d
L
Gives 0/0 form, use l’Hopital’s rule

Lecture 20 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)

Take derivative of the top and bottom d
with respect to a.
L
As expected this is three times the

magnetic field produced for a single
current ring of radius L and current I.
Lecture 20 EXAMPLE END
Example (Question)
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic
force on the current ring centered on an infinitely long wire.
The current in the ring is I1 in the counter clockwise direction
and the current in the wire is I2 taken in the positive z direction.
I2
As a follow up obtain
the expression for the
magnetic force on
the wire due to the I1 a
presence of the ring.
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force on the current
ring centered on an infinitely long wire. The current in the ring is I1 in the counter
clockwise direction and the current in the wire is I2 taken in the positive z direction.
We have obtained the magnetic

field produced by an infinite I2
straight wire in a previous
example. The magnetic field at
a distance a from the wire is:
97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Potential A
Example (Solution)
A long straight wire is oriented along the z axis and z I1 a
carries a current I in the positive z direction. Using the route of
the magnetic vector potential, calculate the magnetic field at a

point P produced by the wire.
B  B B 2 2
 o I 2
x y
wire
 Iy  Ix
ˆ
B  B  o
B
o
2 r 2 r
x 2 y 2
P x , y , z
1 1 1

 r
2a
 I B y
Gives B  o circles wire
2 r I
Lecture 19 EXAMPLE As would be obtained from Ampere’s Law END
This question was asked on last year’s exam

Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
The magnetic force on a current

carrying segment of a wire can  o I 2 I2
B ˆ
be obtained from postulate 1 on 2a
Magnetostatics.
97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: H,B BASICS
Magnetostatics
POSTULATE 1 FOR THE MAGNETIC FIELD

I1 a
A current

element I dimmersed in a magnetic

field B will experience a force dF given by:
  
Meters (m)
  
Newtons {N}
dF  I  Bd
Tesla (T)
dF  I1  Bd
Amps (A)
Lecture 16 THEORY
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
The current I1 circulates about

the wire and as a vector has  o I 2 I2
B ˆ
direction of the increasing angle 2a
.

I1  I1ˆ I1 a
We can now put the
pieces together to   
obtain the magnetic dF  I1  Bd
force on the ring.
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
  
dF  I1  Bd I2

I1  I1ˆ
 o I 2
B ˆ
2a

 
a
o I 2 ˆ ˆ I1
dF  I 1 d  
2r
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
Since the cross product involves ˆ  ˆ I2


We get zero for the force element dF  0
Thus the total force on the ring due to a
I1
the centered current line is zero.

F 0 On the ring
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
It can also be shown then the current ring I2

applies no magnetic force on the long
centered wire.
You can use Newton’s second Law. I a

1

F 0 On straight wire
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
Example (Solution)
It can also be shown then the current ring applies
no magnetic force on the long centered wire.
I2
You can use the result for the magnetic
field produced by a ring current. The
magnetic field on the axis has only a z
direction.
I1 a
As a result the cross product between the
current in the straight wire and the
magnetic field produced by the ring gives
zero. 
F  0 On straight wire END
Lecture 21 EXAMPLE
These questions are straight forward. Plug in the numbers and get your answer. Being able to
25 solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 25% on a quiz or final exam
containing questions related to this lecture.
These questions require a few manipulations of equations or numbers before the answer can be
50 obtained. Being able to solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 50% on a
quiz or final exam containing questions related to this lecture.
These question are quite involved and requires a thorough understanding of the topic material.
75 Being able to solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 75% on a quiz or final
exam containing questions related to this lecture.
These questions are the most difficult and require a thorough understanding of the topic material
100 and also pull in topics from other lectures and disciplines. Being able to solve this type of
question ensures you an A grade on a quiz or final exam containing questions related to this
lecture.
75 100 These form excellent review questions when preparing for the quiz and final exam.
25 50 75 100
SELF EVALUATION SCALE

Lecture 21 ASSIGNMENT
97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Ampere's Law
50 A long piece of wire carrying a current I has a half loop

bent into it. Find the magnetic field at the center of the
half loop.
a
I
50 Two long piece of wire carrying a current I have a half

loop bent into them as shown in the figure. Find the
magnetic field at the center of the loop of radius a. In
your analysis assume that the separation of the straight
segments on each side of the loop is negligible.
a I
I
75 Two long piece of wire carry different currents I1 and I2

and have a half loop bent into them as shown in the
figure. Find the magnetic field at the center of the loop
of radius a. In your analysis assume that the separation
of the straight segments on each side of the loop is
negligible.
a I1
I2
75 Two long piece of wire carry different currents I1 and I2

and have a half loop bent into them as shown in the
figure. Find the magnetic field at the point P at the center
of the loop. In your analysis assume that the separation
of the straight segments on each side of the loop is
negligible.
a I1
P
I2 b
50 A long piece of wire carrying a current I = 10 A is bent

into the shape shown. Find the magnetic field at the
center of the half loop which has a radius a = 1 cm.
A long wire carrying a current I1 is parallel to the plane

75 of a rectangular loop of wire which carries a current
I2 as shown.
a) Find the magnitude and direction of the force acting
on the loop of the wire. Here assume loop is rigid.
b) Find the torque on the loop about its center.
I2
c b
a
I1
75 A conductor carries a current I parallel to a current strip

of density Ko and width w, as shown in the figure. Find
an expression for the force per unit length on the
conductor. What is the result if the width w approaches
infinity?
z I y

K
h
r
Kodx
x
REFERENCES
(0) Textbook: U. S. Inan, A. S. Inan (0) p. 450 - 465
“Engineering Electromagnetics” (1) p. 144
(1) J.D. Kraus, K. R. Carver “Electromagnetics” 2nd
(2) Reitz, Milford, Christy “Foundations of Electromagnetic
(2) p. 197 - 204
theory” 4th (3) p. 203, 208,
(3) M. Plonus “Applied Electromagnetics” (4) p. 497
(4) R. P. Winch “Electricity and Magnetism”
(5) P. Lorrain, D. Corson “Electromagnetic fields and Waves”
(5) p. 295 - 299
2nd (6) p. 206
(6) Duckworth “Electricity and Magnetism”
(7) p.
(7) J.D. Jackson “Classical Electrodynamics” 2nd
(8) F. Ulaby, “Fundamentals of applied Electromagnetics”
(8) p. 10, 205
Lecture 21 REFERENCES
97.315BasicE&MandPowerEngineering Topic:Biot-Savard
BIOT-SAVARDLAW
Considerasmall segmentofwireofoverall lengthd
TheB iot-Savardlawappliedtothesm all segment givesan
element ofm agneticfielddBat thepoint P.
 I dr ˆ
dBr 

o 21 dB

4 r
1 2
21
r̂21 P
97.315BasicE&MandPowerEngineering Topic:H,BBASICS
Magnetostatics
Postulate2forthem
Sam eresult as 
r
agneticfield
Acurrent elem

field B w

ent Idproducesam agnetic
hichat adistanceRisgivenby:
postulate2forthe 21
I

m agneticfield
  I R
ˆ
dB o 2 d
4 R

R
R̂ Id
I
Lecture16
dB
Unitsof{T,G,Wb/m2}
Lecture16 THEORY
Lecture21 REVIEW d
Lecture 21 SUMMARY
END LECTURE 21
Lecture 21 END

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97.

315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: Biot-Savard

field which is along the axis c u r re n t rin g . T h e c u rre n t rin g is c e n te r e d o n th e c o o rd in a te o r ig in a n d lie s in th e (x , y ) p la n e . A

we can recall the procedure 

discussion are shown on the

Examine opposite sides of one coil. 1 I out

We will start the analysis of the solenoid by first examining a

The next slide shows the segment of interest.

The current in a segment (dI) can be expressed as the current

We now have performed the required preliminary steps before the

The next slide shows the expression for a single ring

Current out of page 1 2 3 4 5

Expression for the magnetic field produced by a

We have skillfully converted the magnetic field

INFINITE SOLENOID RESULT

Magnetic field is ½ that of center

We will express the start

The position coordinate for

Gives 0/0 form, use l’Hopital’s rule

As expected this is three times the

We have obtained the magnetic

This question was asked on last year’s exam

The magnetic force on a current

The current I1 circulates about

Since the cross product involves ˆ  ˆ I2

It can also be shown then the current ring I2

You can use Newton’s second Law. I a

SELF EVALUATION SCALE

50 A long piece of wire carrying a current I has a half loop

50 Two long piece of wire carrying a current I have a half

75 Two long piece of wire carry different currents I1 and I2

75 Two long piece of wire carry different currents I1 and I2

50 A long piece of wire carrying a current I = 10 A is bent

A long wire carrying a current I1 is parallel to the plane

75 A conductor carries a current I parallel to a current strip

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