TIDES

Today people know that the

gravitational pulls between the earth,
moon and sun dictate the tides.
The moon, however, influences tides
the most because is closer.
It wasn't until 1687, that Sir Isaac
Newton explained that ocean tides
result from the gravitational attraction.
TIDE-GENERATING FORCE!!!!
The Earth’s movements create the
Centrifugal force

The tide generating force is the sum

of gravitational and centrifugal forces.

The tide generating force varies in

intensity and direction over the earth's
As it orbits the earth, the moon
is always pulling on the side of
the earth nearest to it.

It also pulls the earth away

from the waters on the
opposite side.
At two different places in the moon’s orbit,
the moon is in line with the sun
At these times, the sun’s pull joins with the
pull of the moon to produce higher tides than
usual.
These tides are called spring tides.

At two other places in its orbit around the

earth, the moon is at right angles to the
sun
The sun’s pull of gravity, at these two
times, works against the moon’s pull.
The tug-of-war between the pull from the
sun and the pull from the moon produces
tides that are lower than usual. These
 TIDAL BORE - POROROCA
• A TIDAL BORE OCCURS ALONG
A COAST WHERE A RIVER
EMPTIES INTO AN OCEAN OR
SEA.
• A TIDAL BORE IS A STRONG
TIDE THAT PUSHES UP THE
RIVER, AGAINST THE
CURRENT.

• HTTPS://WWW.NATIONALGEOG
RAPHIC.ORG/ENCYCLOPEDIA/T
IDAL-BORE
/
 RANCE TIDAL POWER STATION, SAINT-MALO, FRANCE

Opened in 1966
as the world's
first tidal power
station
There are very few
commercial-sized tidal
power plants operating
in the world.

The largest facility is

the Sihwa Lake Tidal
Power Station in South
Korea.
OCEAN CURRENTS
• OCEAN AND SEA CURRENTS ARE ADVANCE MOVEMENTS OF OCEAN WATER AND
SEAWATER WHEREBY WATER PARTICLES MOVE IN A CERTAIN DIRECTION AT A
CERTAIN SPEED WITHOUT A RETURN JOURNEY.
• ALTHOUGH THEY MOVE AT A SLOW SPEED, THEY DISPLACE INCREDIBLY LARGE
AMOUNTS OF WATER.
• THEY CAN REACH UP TO SEVERAL THOUSAND KILOMETRES IN LENGTH, TENS OF
KILOMETRES IN WIDTH AND HUNDREDS OF METRES IN DEPTH.
Winds are the main cause of ocean and sea current
formation.

When blowing constantly or continuously in one direction, they initially

pull the surface layer of water and before deeper water layers are
incorporated; wind-driven currents are thus created in the process.
Permanent currents are created by the force of the trade winds or the
prevailing westerlies.
 ATLANTIC OCEAN
NORTH TRADE WIND CURRENT
EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT
GULF STREAM
NORTH ATLANTIC CURRENT
CANARY CURRENT

SOUTH TRADE WIND CURRENT

EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT
BRAZIL CURRENT
BENGUELA CURRENT
 PACIFIC OCEAN
NORTH TRADE WIND CURRENT
EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT
KUROSHIO CURRENT
NORTH PACIFTIC CURRENT
CALIFORNIA CURRENT

SOUTH TRADE WIND CURRENT

EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT
EAST AUSTRALIAN CURRENT
PERU (HUMBOLDT) CURRENT
 INDIAN OCEAN
MONSOON CURRENT
THE MONSOON CURRENTS ARE THE SEASONALLY

REVERSING

EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT
SOMALI CURRENT

SOUTH TRADE WIND CURRENT

EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT
MOZAMBIQUE CURRENT
AGULHAS CURRENT
WEST AUSTRALIAN CURRENT
WATER ON DRY LAND
Surface water includes rivers, lakes, swamps and
glaciers.

Together with groundwater, surface water represents only

1.7% of the total volume of water in the hydrosphere and
nearly ¾ of it is solid in the form of ice in the colder
regions of the world.

Usable fresh water constitutes less than 0.5% of all water

on Earth.

Groundwater is the largest reservoir of usable fresh

 1. Groundwater

Groundwater is predominantly formed when

water is absorbed by precipitation and the
melting of snow on the Earth’s surface.
Groundwater is very important to the water cycle as it is the main water
supply source to rivers, ensuring there is a steady flow.
Depending on the way they are formed and distributed, four main types
of groundwater exist - unconfined, artesian, karst and mineral.
Unconfined water is atmospheric water seeping through the
soil and cumulating in the uppermost surface layers.

When rain falls to the ground, a portion of the water is

absorbed while the excess water remains on the surface and
flows downslope as runoff.
ARTESIAN WATER

In certain cases groundwater can

rise to the surface under natural
pressure due to the specific location
of the rocks, the alternation of
permeable and impermeable layers.
When a permeable layer is between
two impermeable layers, the water
that accumulates in it cannot escape
and exerts pressure on the upper
impermeable layer.
KARST WATER

Some rocks such as

limestone, dolomite,
marble are highly
soluble in water that is
rich in carbon dioxide.

By dissolving the rock

the rainwater percolates
through the existing
cracks and expands
them
 MINERAL WATER
Due to the fact that water moves very
slowly in the narrow cracks (for months,
years and even decades), it can dissolve
part of the rock and enrich itself with
minerals creating mineral water in the
process.
It is typical of the foothills of some
mountains and valleys where deep faults
prevail.

Thermal water emerges when the water is

heated by the warmth of the Earth’s
interior.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPjTPPaFhuw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Mftj95XslA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIY_C1sSTdU
Sapareva Banya is
the hottest thermal
spring in Bulgaria
and the only
geyser on
continental
Europe
Грунтови Артезиански Карстови
Минерални
• Валежната вода • Разполагат се • Образуват се в
се просмуква, между два райони с водо- • Излизат на
докато не водонепропуск- разтворими повърхността от
достигне ливи слоя. скали – варовик голяма дълбочина.
водонепропуск- Поради това се и др. Водата • Имат
лив слой намират под протича през специфичен
налягане. пещерите като химичен състав.
подземни реки.
 LAKES, SWAMPS, GLACIERS
Lakes are enclosed depressions in the Earth’s
surface which are filled with water and are
not directly connected to seas or oceans

In order to form and exist, lakes need more

incoming rainfall or river water than they
lose because of evaporation and infiltration

A lake helps in preventing flood by

regulating the flow of river. During dry
seasons, a lake helps to maintain an even
flow of the river. Lakes can also be used for
generating hydro power.
b/ By origin
According to the origin of the lake basin, several types of lakes are
clearly distinguishable

Tectonic lakes are formed after parts of the Earth’s crust collapse.
They are typically extensive and deep.
The Caspian Sea, a tectonic lake in origin, is the largest in the
world with an area of 371 000 square kilometres
and Lake Baikal in Asia is the deepest in the world at a depth of
1 642 m.
ARAL SEA – IT WAS ONCE THE WORLD’S FOURTH LARGEST
BODY OF INLAND WATER
VOLCANIC LAKES. CRATER LAKES

Magma congestion in
the throat of a volcano
can clog the bottom of
its crater.
When the depression
fills with water, deep
oval-shaped lakes
form.
• GLACIAL LAKES

As glaciers move, they

abrade the underlying rock,
leaving depressions and
grooves on the land in
places where ice
accumulates.
Once the glacier has
melted, these hollows are
filled with water
KARST LAKES

In terrains of limestone and

other soluble rocks,
atmospheric water forms
cavities through which it
seeps into caves.
Lakes in karst landscapes
are formed when the
sinkholes are completely or
partially blocked by mud or
plant debris
OX-BOW LAKES

These are
shallow water
bodies formed
by water
retention in the
abandoned
parts of river
beds.
COASTAL LAKES

When a sea bay is

entirely enclosed by a
spit, it becomes a type of
lake known as a lagoon.

When the mouth of a

river flowing into the sea
is surrounded by a sandy
strip, it forms a firth
(liman)
 ANTHROPOGENIC
(ARTIFICIAL) LAKES

In order to provide
available water, man
builds barriers at river
valleys creating closed
indentations.
Rivers fill the
indentations with their
waters creating
reservoirs which are
sometimes huge in
dimensions
 4. Swamps
• Swamps are places where the
surface layer of the Earth is
over-moistened, i.e. soil pores are
constantly flooded and the water
runs very slowly or not at all.
The most extensive marshlands in the world are around the equator,
where rainfall is abundant, and in areas with a subpolar climate, where
the subsoil is constantly frozen and rainwater cannot be absorbed and
accumulates in the soil.
 PANTANAL
Wetlands - places where the land is
covered by water, either salt, fresh,
or somewhere in between - cover
just over 6% of the Earth's land
surface. Sprinkled throughout every
continent except Antarctica, they
provide food, clean drinking water,
and refuge for countless people and
animals around the world.
Despite their global significance, an
estimated one-half of all wetlands
on the planet have disappeared.
 5. Glaciers

Glaciers are large masses of

perennial snow and ice that move
by the force of their own weight.
They are formed in polar
latitudes and in high mountains,
where low temperatures and
frozen precipitation (snow)
exceed their rate of melting and
evaporation.
Continental glaciers are formed on land in
polar regions (Antarctica, Greenland, etc.)
Alpine glaciers form in
mountains of all latitudes.
The major influence here
is the significant
steepness of the surface
which determines their
relatively fast movement.
 RIVERS

A river is a continuous stream of water that flows

in a channel with defined banks. The constant
flow of water to rivers is provided by some of the
following sources: groundwater, lakes, swamps
and glaciers
• Springs are places where groundwater comes to the surface and gives
birth to most rivers (the Danube, the Amazon, the Mississippi, etc.)
• Some rivers emerge from glaciers whereby others originate from
lakes: the Angara (from Lake Baikal) and the Neva (from Lake
Ladoga)
• The mouth of a river (an estuary or a delta) is the point where it
empties into a larger body of water such as a larger river, lake, sea or
ocean.
• Main river
• Tributary
• River system: the main river and
all its tributaries
• Drainage basin: the area drained
by the main river and all its
tributaries
• Watershed: the boundary between
adjacent drainage basins
Drainage density
3. River discharge
• The volume of water flowing past a given cross section of
the channel per unit of time is called discharge
• Usually measured in cumecs – cubic metres per second
• The average volume of water passing through the cross
section per day, month, season, and year is called
respectively daily, monthly, seasonal, annual discharge.
The volume of water depends on the size of the drainage
basin and the climate.
 RIVER DISCHARGE (Q)

CROSS SECTION OF THE

RIVER CHANNEL (F)

MEAN VELOCITY OF THE

RIVER WATER (V)

Q=F.V
4. River regime

• A river regime is the pattern of seasonal variations

in the river’s discharge (high water and low water)
at a particular point

• Some rivers have very big differences between high

water and low water and some rivers’ discharge is
more evenly distributed
WHY?
• Of the utmost importance is the distribution of
precipitation during the year.

• Temperature is also important because when it is

warm, much of the river water evaporates, and
when temperatures are low, precipitation falls in the
form of snow lasting until spring.
• Fluvial regime is graphically represented by
hydrographs
Floods occur when the
increased discharge (due to
increase of rainfall or
sudden snowmelt) cannot
be accommodated within
the river channel so that the
water spreads over te
adjacent area
