Calculations and modeling.

Physical pollution

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 How loud is too loud?
• The WHO guidelines for community noise
recommend less than 30 A-weighted decibels
(dB(A)) in bedrooms during the night for a sleep
of good quality and less than 35 dB(A) in
classrooms to allow good teaching and learning
conditions.
• The WHO guidelines for night noise recommend
less than 40 dB(A) of annual average (Lnight)
outside of bedrooms to prevent adverse health
effects from night noise.
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What is sound?
• Wave Velocity - is the speed with which a
wave crest passes by a particular point in
space
– It is measured in meters/second.

• Wave Velocity = Frequency  Wavelength

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 Speed of sound
• Medium velocity m/sec
air (20 C) 343
air (0 C) 331
water (25 C) 1493
sea water 1533
diamond 12000
iron 5130
copper 3560
glass 5640
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Noise sources is
everywehre...

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 How many people are
affected?
• According to a European Union (EU) publication:
• about 40% of the population in EU countries is exposed to road traffic
noise at levels exceeding 55 db(A);
• 20% is exposed to levels exceeding 65 dB(A) during the daytime; and
• more than 30% is exposed to levels exceeding 55 dB(A) at night.

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• The European Environment Agency (EEA) has launched
the most comprehensive map of noise exposure to date,
revealing the extent to which European citizens are
exposed to excessive acoustic pollution.
• http://noise.eea.europa.eu/ 8
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 VGTU noise
suppression chamber

The laboratory chamber consists of two rooms, separated by a double wall and
a neighbouring room intended for measuring equipment (volume 70 m3)
• - Investigation of acoustical properties (different materials)
• - Investigation of sound characteristics (different sources) 11
 • Noise levels emitted by domestic appliances
90
80
Sound level, dBA

70
60
50 83 84 82
70 72 69 67 68 66
40 64 65 62
56 57 55
30
20
Vacuum cleaner Hairdryer Effectus Hairdryer Gamma Hairdryer Safety razor Philips
Philips Megaturbo

Equivalent sound level Maximum sound level Minimum sound level

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 Time, EQSL (LAeqT), MSL (LAFmax),
HN 33:20011 hrs dBA dBA

1. Residential buildings 6–18 45 55

18–22 40 50
22–6 35 45

2. Institutions of education 45 55

3. In the environment of residential buildings 6–18 65 70

(traffic noise) 18–22 60 65
22–6 55 60

4. In the environment of residential buildings 6–18 55 60

(exception of traffic noise) 18–22 50 55
22–6 45 50

5. Entertainment events, shows and etc. 80 85

6. Open concerts and dance halls 6–18 85 90

18–22 80 85
22–6 55 60
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• CadnaA
• IMMI
• MapNoise
• SoundPlan
• LimA (BKSV)
• EKOL

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Basic acoustic
modelling scheme

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CadnaA (Computer Aided Noise
Abatement)

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www.datakustik.de

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 Noise Mapping with
CadnaA

• Generating a digital town model generally requires to import digital data

from different sources.
• This typically concerns the roads, the buildings and the terrain.

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 Different calculation methods are used in
different countries to calculate the noise.

Industry ISO 9613-2

ÖAL 28
VDI 2714/2720
DIN 18005
Nordic prediction Method
Swedish Guideline for Air Turbine Noise Harmonoise (Harmoninis garsas

Road RLS-90
DIN 18005
CRTN
NMPB – Routes - 96
Nordic Prediction Method
RVS 3.02
STL 86
TNM
Liberko
Sonroad

Railway Schall03
DIN 18005
CRN
Nordic Prediction Method
ÖNorm S 5011
Semibel SRMII
Schall03 200X
NMPB - Fer

Aviation AzB
LAI - Guideline for Airports
ECAC Doc.29
DIN 45684-1

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 CadnaA is the powerful and user-friendly software for calculation,
assessment, prediction and presentation of noise and air poluttion.

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Noise propagation

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Noise propagation (with reflections)

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 Parameters of noise source

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Vertical source noise propagation (2)

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Point source noise propagation

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Road parameters
The first step is to calculate the emission of
a road from technical parameters like traffic
flow, speed and road surface.
The models used are quite different with
respect to the parameters that are taken
into account and in detailing the description
of technical and acoustical parameters.

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Road characteristics

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 Calculation and Prediction of
Road and Railway Noise

CadnaA is the leading software for calculation, assessment, prediction and presentation of traffic noise. Roads, parking lots and
railway lines can be modeled very convenient and noise in the vicinity is calculated. With extension Option FLG aircraft noise also
can be included for overall assessment of the total noise load.
Traffic Planning
If roads or railway routes are planned or are to be modified, the noise levels in the surrounding residential areas are calculated.
Rating of Measures
If permissible values are exceeded, necessary measures like walls, noise reduction surface or measures carried out on the buildings
themselves can be modeled and evaluated.
Detailed Noise Prediction
The result of a detailed study comprises a list of measures, colored noise charts for presentation and tables with the noise levels for
any number of immission points.
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 Calculation and Prediction of
Aircraft Noise

• CadnaA with extension Option FLG calculates noise

emitted from civil and military airports based on
calculation methods AzB 2008, AzB (old), ECAC Doc.
29 or DIN 45684-1. With these calculation methods
Option FLG covers all procedures for aircraft noise
assessment relevant at European and international
levels.
• Fields of Application
• Calculation of noise contours around airports
according to ECAC Doc. 29 (EC interim method)
• Calculation of aircraft noise according to guidelines
AzB 2008, AzB (old) and DIN 45684-1
• Overall assessment of the total noise load including
industrial, road, railway and aircraft noise
• Accurate calculation of noise protection areas
around civil or military airports

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Building characteristics

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Noise map (1)

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Noise map (2)

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Noise map, day time
Filder (Germany)

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Road noise-map
VILNIUS

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Railway noise-map
VILNIUS

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Aircraft noise map
VILNIUS

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 Example1

Modelling :

• Cars 30 000
• Speed 80 km/h, (heavy 50 km/h)
• Heavy percentage in flow - 15 %,
• Flat landscape
• 20 m distance between source and house
• Noise barrier between street 5 m.

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 Scheme of situation

L  18,2  2,8 lg( a  b  c  0,02), dBA

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Dispersion of the noise in to the
living area

1 – noise
source;
2 – noise
barrier;
3 – residential
building;
4 – spread of
noise

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 Noise level by different height

Barrier height, m In the 1 m height In the 4 m height In the 15 m

height
Modeled
1m 67 74 75
2m 62 67 75
3m 59 62 75
Calculated
1m 66 68 71
2m 64 66 71
3m 63 64 71

Uncertainty between calculations and modelling is about10 %.

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 Building acoustic prediction
and existing measurement
methods

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Cadna Bastian

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 The sound insulation
testing process

• LST EN ISO 140-4:1998 and LST EN ISO 140-7:1998 describe the

procedures for conducting airborne and impact sound insulation testing.

• LST EN ISO 3382:2008 describes the procedures for reverberation

testing.

• STR 2.01.07:2003

• Garso (akustinio komforto) klasės:

A – ypač gero akustinio komforto sąlygų klasė (very good class)
B – pagerinto akustinio komforto sąlygų klasė; (improved class)
C – priimtino akustinio komforto sąlygų klasė; (acceptable class)
D – nepakankamo akustinio komforto sąlygų klasė; (not acceptable class)
E – ribinio akustinio komforto sąlygų klasė; (limitary class).

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Airborne acoustic tests

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 Sound reduction classification in
the living houses
Vidinių atitvarų garso klasė

A B C D E

Rodiklis
Walls between Apartments

63 58 55 52 48

• Airborne sound reduction index Rw in Lithuania

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 Impact acoustic tests

• Test done between two

pairs of rooms about the
party element
• Rooms should be living
areas
• Larger space should ideally
contain the testing noise
source

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 Testing the impact
sound transmission

• To test the impact sound transmission performance of a floor, a

tapping machine which consists of five small hammers that are
dropped onto the floor to simulate foot fall, is placed on the
floor.

• The resultant noise in the room below is measured with a

sound level meter and the amount of noise that passes through
the floor is the impact sound transmission level and is
expressed as a single number.

• This result is depending on the reverberation time (echo) of the

rooms, and any background noise to give the impact sound
transmission result (L’nT,w ).

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 Sound reduction classification in
the living houses
Perdangų garso klasė

A B C D E

Rodiklis
Ceilings between Apartments
43 48 53 58 60

• Impact sound transmission index Ln,w in Lithuania

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 Reverberation Time (RT60)
• The tailing off of sound in an
enclosure because of multiple
reflections from the boundaries.
• The reverberation time of a room is
the time (in seconds) taken for the
sound pressure level at a specific
frequency to decrease 60 dB from
its steady-state value when the
source of sound energy is suddenly
interrupted.

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 Testing required

Dwellings details have not been used

Walls between adjacent (neighbour) apartments
Lounge, bedroom, living room, dining room
At least 5% parts of elements set of tests for every dwellings
At least three elements must to be tested
Set of = airborne & impact & reverberation

Buildings such as health premises, must be tested to other

standards

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 Testing process
 100dB white noise in one room
 Measure transmission to next
 Measure reverberation time
 Measure background noise
 Apply correction factors for reverberation time and low
frequency noise
Results computed on the spot

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Results

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Failure (1)

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Failure (2)

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