Main Supervisor

Assoc. Prof. Wan Mohd Naim

Wan Mohd, PhD, MRISM
Associate Professor
Centre of Studies for
Surveying Science &
Geomatics, DEFENCE OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Faculty of Architecture,
Planning & Surveying,
Universiti Teknologi MARA A STUDY OF
Shah Alam, Selangor
URBAN CLIMATE CONDITION
Co-Supervisor
IN TROPICAL REGION
Siti Aekbal Salleh
PhD Prepared by
Senior Lecturer
Centre of Studies for Nurul Amirah Isa
Surveying Science & Ph.D Candidate (2015507847)
Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture Planning and Surveying
Faculty of Architecture, Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM)
Planning & Surveying,
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Shah Alam, Selangor
 CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBANIZATION

The changes in climate have caused impacts on natural and human

STRUCTURE
systems on all continents and across the oceans
1 Background
It refers to major changes in our surroundings such as temperature,
2 Problem
Statement precipitation, wind patterns, and others that occur over several decades
3 Aim & or longer
Objectives
4 Scope &
Limitations
5 Study Location
Contributing factor = URBANIZATION
6 Significance

7 Reviews Rapid, improper and uncontrollable urbanization =

8 Methodology alteration of urban climate condition
9 Expected
Outcome
Alterations of urban climate =
10 Study Plan
11 References developments turn into Urban Heat Island (UHI)

2
 URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI)

Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to an urban area which is warmer than its
surrounding rural areas.
STRUCTURE
1 Background UHI alter the meteorological phenomena in and around the urban areas.
2 Problem
Statement
3 Aim &
Objectives
4 Scope &
Limitations
5 Study Location
6 Significance

7 Reviews

8 Methodology
9 Expected
Outcome
10 Study Plan
11 References
Many cities in Malaysia have turned into UHI as a consequence of
improper urbanization processes since environmental problems were
considered less important for the early developments

3
 URBAN CLIMATE IN URBAN PLANNING

STRUCTURE
1 Background In order to combat the UHI issues, many studies suggest to inject the
2 Problem
Statement urban climate information in urban planning.
3 Aim &
Objectives Local variation in climate interest the planners but are seldom
4 Scope &
Limitations
considered in the planning process due to the difficulty of presenting
5 Study Location
the information in meaningful and accessible way
6 Significance
Lack of necessary tools and expertise to assess the issues critically
7 Reviews makes it hard to be implemented in real practices
8 Methodology
9 Expected No studies on urban climatic mapping has been conducted in Malaysia.
Outcome
10 Study Plan
11 References

4
 URBAN CLIMATE IN URBAN PLANNING
Research Gaps and Opportunity

STRUCTURE
GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES
1 Background Urban Climatologist and Urban Planner and
2 Problem Meteorologist Policy Maker
Statement
3 Aim & INPUT: APPLICATION:
Objectives CLIMATE KNOWLEDGE SOLUTION: URBAN PLANNING
4 Scope & METS DATASETS URBAN CLIMATIC MAPPING POLICY MAKING
Limitations
5 Study Location Formulation of Urban
Climatic Map (Methods and
6 Significance Technique)

7 Reviews
Identification of Factors
Affecting the Urban Climate
8 Methodology
Condition
9 Expected
Outcome
Quantification of the Impacts
10 Study Plan of Urban Climatic Parameters
11 References on Urban Climate

5
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Formation of URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Urban and regional planning has been long practiced in this country
STRUCTURE
but still insufficient in terms of maintaining and sustaining the
1 Background
natural environment especially urban climate condition.
2 Problem
Statement
3 Aim &
Objectives Lack of necessary tools and expertise to assess the issues
4 Scope &
Limitations
5 Study Location
Complicated series of meteorological datasets – not
6 Significance
relevant for urban planning purposes

7 Reviews Meteorological datasets – inconclusive in defining the

8 Methodology urban climate condition
9 Expected
Outcome
Most of detailed urban climate studies are conducted
10 Study Plan
in four season countries such as Germany and Japan
11 References

Never predict what will happen to the future urban

climate with current developments

6
 AIM
To study the climatic condition behaviour of Kuala Lumpur on urban
settings using Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing
technique
STRUCTURE
1 Background
2 Problem OBJECTIVES
Statement
3 Aim & 1. To identify the urban climatic factors that affects the urban climate
Objectives condition of Kuala Lumpur.
4 Scope & 2. To model the urban climate condition of Kuala Lumpur using the
Limitations
proposed urban climatic factors.
5 Study Location
3. To validate the proposed urban climate model against the ground
6 Significance
observation data by Malaysia Meteorological Department.
7 Reviews 4. To simulate future urban climate condition using Weather Research
8 Methodology
and Forecasting (WRF) simulation model.
9 Expected
5. To propose measures for urban planners to include the
Outcome considerations on urban climate condition aspects in urban planning.
10 Study Plan
11 References

7
 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This study revolves within the following aspects:
1. The evaluation of significant factors affecting urban climate is limited
STRUCTURE
to the available source of remotely-sensed data.
1 Background 2. Urban climate modelling technique used in this study is only refers
2 Problem on Hong Kong and Taiwan model. These two models are selected
Statement due to the geographical settings of these two countries which offer
3 Aim &
Objectives similar climate experiences as Malaysia.
4 Scope & 3. The UC-Map will be produced based on the significant urban
Limitations
climatic factors on the study areas.
5 Study Location
4. Using GIS technique as the analysis platform, the UC-Map will be
6 Significance
produced and presented in the context of urban planning purposes.
7 Reviews The technique is employed due to its capabilities in handling
8 Methodology
geographic data and information well. The technique is also widely
9 Expected employed by other studies abroad.
Outcome 5. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model will be used to
10 Study Plan
model future urban climate condition. The model is already
11 References
recognized worldwide for predicting the future meteorological
conditions well as compared to other simulation model and has been
employed by MMD in their daily routine for Malaysia’s weather
forecasts.
8
 STUDY LOCATION
Located very near
to the equator

Low-latitude region
STRUCTURE
1 Background Hot and humid
2 Problem throughout the
Statement
3 Aim & year
Objectives
4 Scope & Little variations in
Limitations
temperature and
5 Study Location
humidity
6 Significance

7 Reviews Hottest month is

March, coldest is
8 Methodology
December to
9 Expected
Outcome January
Source: www.googlemap.com
10 Study Plan
Annual mean
11 References
Kuala Lumpur temperature of
Kuala Lumpur is

Tropical Climate between 28°C to

30°C.
9
 STUDY LOCATION
WHY KUALA LUMPUR?

STRUCTURE
1 Background
2 Problem
Statement City Centre Bangsar
3 Aim &
Objectives
4 Scope &
Limitations
5 Study Location
Bukit Tunku
6 Significance

7 Reviews
Bukit Damansara
8 Methodology
Variability in terms
9 Expected
Outcome of land use activities Jinjang
10 Study Plan
11 References Variability in terms
of urban morphology

Kuala Lumpur never

Golf Club
considers urban
climate condition Sungai Besi 10
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Improve the urban planning decision makings by injecting urban climatic

STRUCTURE information into planning considerations in order to maintain, sustain and
1 Background
preserve the quality of urban climate condition in urban regions of
2 Problem
Statement Malaysia.
3 Aim &
Objectives The formulation of the UC-Map of Malaysia by this study can be used as
4 Scope &
Limitations the guidelines in making wise decisions during urban planning processes
5 Study Location – Malaysia’s very own Urban Climatic Maps
6 Significance
Previous detailed urban studies focus mostly on four seasons countries.
7 Reviews
This study will scrutinize the urban climate behaviour in tropical regions
8 Methodology (Malaysia’s geographical set-up) – factors and impacts
9 Expected
Outcome
This study will examine the urban climate behaviour on the Malaysia’s
10 Study Plan
urban settings and morphology. Even though there are several studies
11 References
have been conducted in sub-tropical regions, the uniqueness of
Malaysia’s urban morphology and environment will impact the urban
climate differently.

11
 REVIEWS – URBAN CLIMATE INFORMATION FOR URBAN PLANNING

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is one of the issues which already have
worldwide attention including Malaysia.
STRUCTURE
Many studies in Malaysia suggest that climatic information should be
1 Background
injected in urban planning to combat the issues.
2 Problem
Statement Author Title Focus
3 Aim &
Objectives Ibrahim et al (2014) The Review for the Use of Urban Climatic Propose Urban Climatic
4 Scope & Map in the Land Use Plan for Urban Mapping as a tool for urban
Limitations Planning planners
5 Study Location Buyadi et al (2014) Vegetation's Role on Modifying Propose climatic information to
Microclimate of Urban Resident be considered in urban planning
6 Significance
Shaharuddin et al (2014) The effects of Urban Heat Islands on Propose climatic information to
7 Reviews HUman Comfort: A Case of Kalng Valley be considered in urban planning
Malaysia
8 Methodology
Priyadarsini et al (2014) Urban Heat Island and Wind Flow Propose climatic information to
9 Expected Characteristics of a Tropical City be considered in urban planning
Outcome
Tangang et al (2012) Climate Change and Variability over Reviews research gaps on the
10 Study Plan Malaysia: Gaps in Science and Research urban climate studies in
11 References Information Malaysia

Elsayed (2012) Mitigating of the Urban Heat Island of the Propose climatic information to
City of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia be considered in urban planning

12
 REVIEWS – URBAN CLIMATIC MAPPING

STRUCTURE
1 Background
2 Problem
Statement
3 Aim &
Objectives
4 Scope &
Limitations
5 Study Location
6 Significance

7 Reviews

8 Methodology
9 Expected
Outcome Malaysia - is not even starting the
10 Study Plan
11 References research on urban climatic mapping…!!!

13
 REVIEWS – URBAN CLIMATIC MAPPING
Authors Title Urban Parameter Layer
(Ren et al., 2012) Urban Climate Map System for Dutch Spatial Planning Building information
Land use
Topography
Wind

(Mora, 2010) A Synthetic Map of the Climatopes of the Serra da Estrela Topography
STRUCTURE Land cover
Meteorology data
1 Background
(Houet & Pigeon, 2011) Mapping Urban Climate Zones and Quantifying Climate Air temperature
2 Problem Behaviors – An Application on Toulouse Urban Area (France). Relative humidity
Building elevation
Statement DEM (topography)
3 Aim & Land cover
Objectives (Eum et al., 2013) Integrating Urban Climate Into Urban Master Plans Using DEM
4 Scope & Spatially Distributed Information – The Seoul Example. Biotope map
Land cover
Limitations Meteorology data
5 Study Location (Takebayashi & Oku, 2014) Study on the Evaluation Method of Wind Environment in the Building information
Street Canyon for the Preparation of Urban Climate Map. Wind profiles
6 Significance Land use
(M.-J. Alcoforado et al., 2009) Application of Climatic Guidelines to Urban Planning. The Building density
7 Reviews Example of Lisbon (Portugal). Digital Terrain Model
Air ventilation

8 Methodology ( Planning with Urban Climate in Different Climate Zones. Temperature

M.-J. Alcoforado & Matzarakis, 2 Humidity
9 Expected 010 Rainfall
) Wind profiles
Outcome
Land use
10 Study Plan
(Chen & Ng, 2011) Quantitative Urban Climate Mapping Based on Geographical Sky view factor
11 References Database: A Simulation Approach Using Hong Kong as a Case Frontal area density
Study. Building density
Topography
Ground roughness

(Reuter, 2011) Implementation of Urban Climatology in City Planning in the Topography

City of Stuttgart. Green areas
Ground roughness
Air ventilation
Building volume
Land use 14
 REVIEWS – URBAN CLIMATIC MAPPING
(Burghard et al., 2010) Urban Climatic Map of Arnhem City Building volume
Built up areas and openness
Green areas
Ground roughness
Slope
(Tanaka et al., 2009) Urban Environmental Climate Maps for Supporting Urban- Terrain/topography
Planning Related Work of Local Governments in Japan: Case Wind information
STRUCTURE Studies of Yokohama and Sakai. Land use
Temperature
1 Background (Ren et al., 2013) The Application of Urban Climatic Mapping to the Urban Topography
Planning of High-Density Cities: The Case of Kaohsiung, Population density
2 Problem Taiwan. Land use
Statement Urban heat island map
Water bodies
3 Aim & Wind
Objectives Sea breezes
(Ban et al., 2009) A Pilot Study of Urban Climatic Mapping of the City of Xi’an, Weather info
4 Scope & China. Land use
Limitations Topography
Thermal condition
5 Study Location (Ng et al., 2009) Urban Climatic Studies for Hot and Humid Tropical Coastal Building volume
City of Hong Kong. Topography
6 Significance Green space
Ground coverage
Natural landscape
7 Reviews Openness
(Hien et al., 2011) A Climatic Responsive Urban Planning Model for High Temperature
Density City: Singapore’s Commercial District. Pavement area
8 Methodology Height to building area ratio
Total wall surface area
9 Expected Wind profile
Outcome (Scherer et al., 1999) Improved Concepts and Methods in Analysis and Evaluation DEM (topography)
of the Urban Climate for Optimizing Urban Planning Land use
10 Study Plan Process. Air ventilation
(Lazar & Podesser, 1999) An Urban Climate Analysis of Graz and its Significance for Temperature
11 References Urban Planning in the Tributary Valleys East of Graz Humidity
(Austria). Wind profile
Air pollution
Solar

15
 REVIEWS – URBAN CLIMATIC MAPPING
(Acero et al., 2015) Urban Climate Multi-Scale Modelling in Bilbao (Spain): Building volume
A Review Building surface fraction
Urban green areas
Ventilation paths
Slopes
(Baumuller et al., 2009) Climate Atlas of a Metropolitan Region in Germany Climatopes
STRUCTURE Based on GIS Cold air production areas
Cold air flow paths
1 Background Frequent inversion areas
Ventilation zones
2 Problem Noise maps
Statement (Grimmond & Souch, 1994) Surface Description for Urban Climate Studies: A GIS Land use
Based Methodology Building information
3 Aim & Vegetation cover
Objectives Wind direction
(X. He, Shen, Miao, Dou, & Zhang, 2015) Quantification Detection of Urban Climate Resources Topography
4 Scope & and the Establishment of an Urban Climate Map Land use
Limitations (UCMap) System in Beijing Building information
Greenery
5 Study Location Sky view factor
Meteorology data
6 Significance

7 Reviews

8 Methodology
9 Expected
Outcome
10 Study Plan
11 References

16
 REVIEWS – URBAN PARAMETERS

Urban Scherer Ng et. Ren Acero Alcoforad Chen Takebayashi Reuter Burghard Ren Ban et Tanak Ren et Alcoforad Mora Houet
Parameter et. al al et. al et. al o et al et. al & Oku (2011) et al et. al al a et al al o et al et al et al
Tested (1999) (2012) (2012) (2015) (2010) (2011) (2014) (2010) (2007) (2009) (2009) (2013) (2014) (2010) (2011)
Building      
coverage/
STRUCTURE Built-up
areas

1 Background Building 
Height

2 Problem Building
Density/
       

Statement Compactness
Urban     
3 Aim & Geometry/
Morphology
Objectives
Building 
Material
4 Scope & Green         
Limitations Coverage
Sky View    
5 Study Location Factor
Pervious/
Impervious
6 Significance Surface
Surface  
Admittance
7 Reviews Surface 
Albedo

8 Methodology Topography/
Terrain
     

Slope   
9 Expected Land use          
Outcome Population 
Density
10 Study Plan Water Bodies  
Air            
Ventilation
11 References Shading 

17
 REVIEWS – URBAN PARAMETERS
Urban Eum Baumull Perera Srivanit Emadodi Guo Kim Nassa Alexan Yuan & Kurniati & Ren et Martins Radhi et
Parameter et. al er et. al et. al et. al n et al et al et al r et al der et Bauer Nitivattanano al et al al
Tested (1999 (2012) (2012) (2015) (2016) (2016 (2016 (2016 al (2007) n (2016) (2016) (2013)
) ) ) ) (2016) (2016)

Building     
coverage/
STRUCTURE Built-up
areas
1 Background Building  
Height
2 Problem Building
Statement Density/
Compactnes
s
3 Aim &
Objectives Urban      
Geometry
4 Scope & Building  
Material
Limitations
Green     
Coverage
5 Study Location Sky View  
Factor
6 Significance Pervious/  
Impervious
Surface
7 Reviews
Surface  
Admittance
8 Methodology Surface  
Albedo
9 Expected Topography/   
Outcome Terrain
Slope 
10 Study Plan Land use       
Population 
11 References Density
Water
Bodies
Air  
Ventilation
Shading 

18
 REVIEWS – URBAN PARAMETERS

Urban Salleh et Morris Marsono & Thani Kubota Thani Buyadi et al

Parameter al et al Balasbaneh et al et al et al (2015)
Tested (2013) (2016) (2016) (2012) (2009) (2013)
Building 
STRUCTURE coverage/ Built-
up areas
1 Background Building Height
Building
2 Problem Density/
Statement Compactness
Urban 
3 Aim & Geometry/
Morphology
Objectives
Building 
Material
4 Scope &
Green Coverage    
Limitations Sky View Factor
Pervious/
5 Study Location Impervious
Surface
6 Significance Surface
Admittance
Surface Albedo
7 Reviews
Topography/
Terrain
8 Methodology Slope
Land use 
9 Expected Population
Outcome Density
Water Bodies  
10 Study Plan Air Ventilation 
Shading
11 References

19
 REVIEWS – WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECASTING (WRF) MODEL
No Reference Aim Parameter tested Nested Domain
1 Morries et. al (2015) To test the effectiveness of green city concept Air surface temperature Three one-way nested
of Putrajaya. domains:
D01: 2.7km
D02: 0.9km
D03: 0.3km

STRUCTURE 2 Aekbal et. al (2015) To identify the impacts of albedo modification Air surface temperature Four nested domains:
in WRF simulation. D01: 27km
D02: 9km
1 Background D03: 4km
D04: 1km
2 Problem
Statement 3 Singh et. al (2015) To investigate the performance of the WRF Air surface temperature Four nested domains:
model over Singapore region during monsoon Humidity D01: 27km
3 Aim & and inter-monsoon seasons. Wind speed D02: 9km
Objectives Wind direction D03: 3km
D04: 1km
4 Scope & 4 Tursilowati et. al (2012) To evaluate the influence of urban-scale Air surface temperature Four nested domains:
Limitations surface coverage to UHI effects. D01: 27km
D02: 9km
5 Study Location D03: 3km
D04: 1km
6 Significance
5 Raghavan et al (2015) To evaluate the WRF model simulation over Air surface temperature Simulated in 25km resolution
Vietnam Relative humidity
7 Reviews Surface pressure
Upper level winds
Sea level pressure
8 Methodology Geopotential height

9 Expected 6 Morris et. al (2016) To investigate the chronological local urban Air surface temperature Four domains (3 one-way
Outcome climate changes that have taken place over a Relative humidity nested)
decade. Wind speed D01: 8.1km
10 Study Plan Planetary boundary layer height D02: 2.7km
D03: 0.9km
11 References D04: 0.3km

7 Li and Norford (2016) To evaluate the impacts of cool roof and Air surface temperature Five one-way nested
vegetation in tropical city climate as domains:
mitigation. D01: 24.3km
D02: 8.1km
D03: 2.7km
D04: 0.9km
D05: 0.3km 20
 REVIEWS – WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECASTING (WRF) MODEL
8 Mohan and Sati (2016) To scrutinize the influence on model  Air surface temperature Three nested domains:
performance duebto single simulation versus  Relative humidity  D01: 18km
several smaller simulations for the same  Surface winds  D02: 6km
duration.  D03: 2km

9 Lin et al (2016) To evaluates the impacts of urbanization over  Air surface temperature Two nested domains;
Taiwan using the Weather Research and  D01: 3km
STRUCTURE Forecasting model coupled with Noah land-  D02: 1km
surface model and a modified urban canopy
1 Background model.

10 Chan et al (2016) To identify the effects of vegetation and  Air surface temperature Three one-way nested
2 Problem waterbody on the garden city concept. Relative humidity domains:

Statement D01: -
D02: -
3 Aim & D03: 0.3km
Objectives
11 Zhang et al (2014) To investigate the significance and  Air surface temperature Four nested domains:
4 Scope & implementation of scale matching for  Relative humidity  D01: 27km
multiscale geographical data and dynamic  Wind speed  D02: 9km
Limitations model.  Wind direction  D03: 3km
 D04: 1km
5 Study Location
12 Doan and Kusaka (2015) To examine the climatic impact of  Air surface temperature Four nested domains:
6 Significance urbanization on the variability of the urban  Relative humidity  D01: 27km
heat island (UHI) effect over Greater Ho Chi  Surface winds  D02: 9km
Minh city metropolitan area.  D03: 3km
7 Reviews  D04: 1km

13 Morris et al (2015) To investigate the existence and distribution  Air surface temperature Three one-way nested
8 Methodology of UHI, and the behavior of urban canopy domains:
layer temperature of Putrajaya city.  D01: 2.7km
9 Expected  D02: 0.9km
Outcome  D03: 0.3km

10 Study Plan 14 Bhati and Mohan (2015) To simulate and model the urban heat island  Air surface temperature Three nested domain:
scenario in the capital region of India.  D01: 18km
 D01: 16km
11 References D03: 2km

15 Das and Karmakar To simulate the UHI changes in Dahaka  Air surface temperature Three nested domains:
(2015) Bangladesh  D01: 3km
 D02: 1km
 D03: 0.3km

21
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

STAGE 1 – REVIEWS AND PRELIMINARY STUDY

• Problem statement
STRUCTURE • Research gaps and opportunity
1 Background • Study location selection
2 Problem • Reviews on the methods and techniques
Statement
3 Aim & STEP 2 – DATA ACQUISITION AND PREPARATION
Objectives
4 Scope & • Data collection and acquistion
Limitations • Database
5 Study Location • Prepare data layers with sufficient attributes
6 Significance
STEP 3 – DATA ANALYSIS
7 Reviews
• Data analysis
8 Methodology • Model formulation
9 Expected • Model validation
Outcome
• Future simulation model
10 Study Plan
11 References STEP 4 – RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• Urban planning measures
• Planning recommendations

22
Stage 1 Stage 2
 Urban climate, remote sensing, GIS
 Gap: Tropical urban climate modelling Data acquistion and preparation
Literature Review
 Study area: Kuala Lumpur
Gap Study  Analysis techniques Satellite image
 Remotely-sensed information retrieval Urban parameter
Preliminary Study Building info layers and urban
 Climate mapping technique
temperature layers
 Numerical simulation technique
DEM

KL Master/Local Plan
Stage 3
Ground data (fieldwork)
Objective 2: To model Urban Climatic
the urban climate Mapping Urban Mets Datasets (MMD)
condition of Kuala climatic
Lumpur using the parameters
proposed urban climatic Post-Hoc
factors Objective 1: To Identify the
ANOVA urban climatic factors that
Multiple Linear
affect the urban climatic
Regression
Urban Climatic Objective 3: To validate condition of Kuala Lumpur
Maps the proposed urban
climate model against
ground observation data.
Ground data
Planning
Recommendations

Stage 4

Objective 5: To propose Scenario 1 Objective 4: To simulate

Numerical
measures to urban planners for future urban climate
Master Plan Simulation
the considerations on urban Scenario 2 condition using
Modification Modelling
climate aspect in urban numerical simulation
planning. Scenario 3
(WRF model).

URBAN PLANNING PLANNING RECOMMENDATIONS

 EXPECTED OUTCOME
Objective Methods Expected Outcome

To identify the urban climatic • Literature review • Climate patterns and trends of
factors that affects the urban • Remote sensing technique Malaysia.
climate condition of Kuala Lumpur • Multiple linear regression • List of climatic factors that
STRUCTURE influence the urban climate of
the cities around the world.
1 Background • List of significant climatic
2 Problem factors that influence the
Statement urban climate condition in
Malaysian cities.
3 Aim &
Objectives
4 Scope & To model the urban climate • Literature review • List of existing models of
Limitations condition of Kuala Lumpur using • ANOVA – Post Hoc Analysis urban climatic maps in
the proposed urban climatic • Remote Sensing technique – tropical regions.
5 Study Location factors information retrieval • Threshold values of each
• GIS technique – pixel-based urban climatic parameters.
6 Significance analysis • Urban Climatic Maps of
Malaysia.
7 Reviews

8 Methodology To validate the proposed urban Statistical analysis – RMSE, Validated Urban Climatic Map
• •
9 Expected climate model against the ground MAE, Std Deviation of Kuala Lumpur
Outcome observation data • GIS technique – Geostatistical
analysis
10 Study Plan
11 References To simulate future urban climate • WRF simulation modelling • Future urban climate
condition using Weather Research • GIS technique – Geostatistical condition – temperature and
and Forecasting (WRF) simulation analysis, visualization wind profile.
model

To propose measures to urban • GIS Technique - Geostatistical • Planning measures for urban
planners for the considerations on analysis planning purposes.
urban climate condition aspects in • GIS technique – visualization • Urban planning
urban planning recommendations. 24
 STUDY PLAN
Activity 2016 2017 2018 2019

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
Literature
reviews and
gap study
STRUCTURE
Preparation
1 Background and Defence
of Proposal
2 Problem
Statement Thesis
Writing
3 Aim &
Objectives Data
collection
4 Scope & and field
Limitations observation

Data
5 Study Location
processing
and analysis
6 Significance
Research
7 Reviews Findings
Documentati
8 Methodology on

9 Expected Presentation
Outcome at Seminars
and Journal
10 Study Plan report

11 References Viva-voce
preparation
and
presentation

Submitting
thesis
25
 REFERENCES
Acero, J. A., Kupski, S., Arrizabalaga, J., & Katzschner, L. (2015). Urban Climate
Multi-Scale Modelling in Bilbao (Spain): a review. Procedia Engineering, 115, 3-11.
Agato, G. S. (2013). The Quest for Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into
Urban Development Planning of Ambo Town, Ethiopia. American Journal of Human
Ecology, 2, 103-119.
Ahmad, K., Tahir, W., Hamid, A. B. S., & Maisarah, W. W. I. (2012). Statistical
Verification of Two NUmerical Weather Prediction Models for Quantitative
Precipitation Forecast. International Sustainability and Civil Engineering Journal,
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