APOPTOSIS

PRESENTED BY
DR.PRAFEENA P.
(DEPT .OF ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY
 CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 MORPHOLOGICAL/PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN APOPTOSIS
 BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN APOPTOSIS
 MECHANISM OF APOPTOSIS
 MEMBERS OF EXTRINSIC PATHWAY
 MEMBERS OF INTRINSIC PATHWAY
 IMPORTANCE OF APOPTOSIS
 ROLE OF APOPTOSIS IN ORAL MEDICINE
 ROLE OF APOPTOSIS IN ORAL RADIOLOGY
 APOPTOSI
S

APO – separate from PTOSIS – means fall

apart.

Term coined by Principle was

JAMES CORMACK described by KARL
VOGT in 1842
INTRODUCTION
 In humans, the rate of cell growth and cell death is balanced to maintain the
normal growth and development of the body.
 About 100,000 cells are produced in a human body.
 Apoptosis is a process of cell death in a programmed fashion.

MITOSIS APOPTOSIS
 MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN APOPTOSIS

DEFINITION: A pathway of cell death induced by tightly regulated intracellular program in which cells
destine to die activate enzymes that degrade cell’s own DNA and nuclear cytoplasmic proteins.

It is a process of programmed cell death.

Biochemical events leading to the cell changes (morphology)and death includes

CHROMOSOMAL
BLEBBING CELL NUCLEAR CHROMATIN DNA
SHRINKAGE FRAGMENTATION CONDENSATION FRAGMENTATION
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN APOPTOSIS
 Involvement of single cells or small clusters of cells

Shrinkage of cells with dense cytoplasm and normal organelles.

Convolutions of the cell membrane with formation of apoptotic bodies

Chromatin condensation around the periphery of the nucleus

No acute inflammatory reaction

PHAGOCYTOSIS of the apoptotic bodies by macrophages at varying speed.

 BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN
APOPTOSIS

1.PROTEOLYSIS OF CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS

2.PROTEIN-PROTEIN CROSS LINKING

3.FRAGMENTATION OF NUCLEAR CHROMATIN

4. APPEARANCE OF
PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE on the outer surface
of cell membrane.

5. In some form of apoptosis,APPEARANCE OF

ADHESIVE GLYCOPROTEIN THROMBOSPODIN
on the outer surface of apoptotic bodies.

6. APPEARANCE OF PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE AND

THROMBOSPODIN on the outer surface of apotototic
cell facilitates early recognition by macrophages for
phagocytosis.
 MECHANISM OF APOPTOSIS

In apotosis,the cell is broken down from within by proteins called

CASPASES.

For apoptosis to occur, these caspases first need to be activated. This activation
happens via 2 distinct pathways such as

EXTRINSIC PATHWAY (death receptor-mediated events)

INTRINSIC PATHWAY (mitochondria-mediated events)

 MEMBERS OF EXTRINSIC PATHWAY

DEATH ADAPTOR
RECEPTORS CASPASES
PROTEINS
MEMBERS OF INTRINSIC PATHWAY

ANTI-APOPTOTIC PRO-APOPTOTIC
PROTEIN PROTEIN
( BCL-2, BCL-X) ( BAX, BAK)
IMPORTANCE OF APOPTOSIS ?

IN GROWTH

IN IMMUNE
SURVEILLANCE

IN NEOPLASTIC
DEVELOPMENT
 DETECTION OF APOPTOTIC CELLS

ENZYME
ASSAY
BASED ON MORPHOLOGY BASED ON DNA
FRAGMENTATION FLOW
CYTOMETRY
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY AGAROSE GEL
ELECTROPHORESIS
FLUOROSCENSE
MICROSCOPY TUNEL
CELL FRACTIONATION

STAINING WITH EOSIN

FILTRATION ASSAY
 APOPTOSIS IN ORAL RADIOLOGY

HEMATOPOIETIC
TISSUES LYMPHOCYTTES