QUESTIONED

DOCUMENT
QUESTION Document
examination
EXAMINATION
FOSC 4
FOSC 4
 WRITING
MATERIALS
PAPER
 The word "paper" is etymologically
derived from "papyrus", Ancient Greek
for the Cyperus papyrus plant.
Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material
produced from are the pith of the
Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in
ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean
cultures for writing long before the
making of paper in China.
Papyrus however are plants pressed and
dried, while paper is made from fibers whose
properties have been changed by maceration
or disintegration.
Papyrus
 Paper is a "wood" like material primarily
used for writing, first invented in ancient
China. Although contemporary precursors
such as papyrus and amate existed in the
Mediterranean world and pre-Columbian
Americas, respectively, these materials are
not defined as true paper.
 The first papermaking process was
documented in China during the Eastern Han
period (25-220 C.E.), traditionally attributed
to the court official Cai Lun.
During the 8th century Chinese
papermaking spread to the Islamic world.
By the 11th century papermaking was
brought to medieval Europe, where it was
refined with the earliest known paper mills
utilizing waterwheels.
Earliest known paper mills utilizing
waterwheels.
 Later Western improvements to the
papermaking process came in the 19th
century with the invention of wood-based
papers.
A paper mill is a water-powered mill that
pounds the in paper manufacture over the
manual pounding with pulp by the use of trip-
hammers. The mechanization the pounding
process was an important improvement in
paper manufacture over the manual pounding
with hand pestle.
 TYPES OF PAPER
• Parchment
Parchment is a thin material made from
calfskin, sheep skin or goat skin. Its most
common use is as the pages of a book, codex
or manuscript. It is distinct from leather in
that parchment is not tanned, but stretched,
scraped, and dried under tension, creating a
stiff while, yellowish or translucent animal
skin. The finer qualities of parchment are
called vellum.
An English deed written on fine
parchment or vellum with seal tag
dated 1638.
 TYPES OF PAPER
WRITING PAPER PADS- common paper.
CARBON PAPER- heavily coated with waxy layer
which hold sufficient coloring matter to give clearly
defined transferred impression in use.
SAFETY PAPER- paper which have been treated in
such a way as to minimize the chances of a
successful forgery by erasure.
BOND PAPERS- commonly used in typing and
writing documents.
STATIONERIES, COLORED AND PERFUMED-
commonly used for special letter.
 TYPES OF PAPER
WRITING PAPER PADS- common paper.
CARBON PAPER- heavily coated with waxy layer
which hold sufficient coloring matter to give clearly
defined transferred impression in use.
SAFETY PAPER- paper which have been treated in
such a way as to minimize the chances of a
successful forgery by erasure.
BOND PAPERS- commonly used in typing and
writing documents.
STATIONERIES, COLORED AND PERFUMED-
commonly used for special letter.
 WRITING
INSTRUMENT

PEN
1. 1300 BC-
Romans
developed a
metal stylus which
was used for
writing on wax
tables.
2. (3,000 BCE)-
The First Egyptian’s Pen
A reed pen is cut from a
reed or bamboo, with a
slit in a narrow tip.
3. Quill Pens- firstly
appeared in Seville,
Spain. were the writing
instrument from 600 to
1800 AD.
It is used as
Instrument for writing
with ink before the
metal dip pen.
4. 1803- First steel nibs was invented. It
replaced the quill pen and the quality of
metal nibs increased.
5. May 25, 1827 – Petrache Poenaru
patented the first fountain pen.
6. 1884 – A better Fountain Pen was
made.
7. June 10, 1943 – The first ballpoint
pen. Laszlo an his brother, Gyorgy,
developed an ink that dried almost
instantly, and still flowed well.
1888– JOHN LOUD
8. 1960’s – Papermate's Flair was among the
first felt -tip pens to hit the U.S market in the 1960s,
and it has been the leader ever since. Marker pens
and highlighters, both similar to felt pens, have
become popular in recent year.
9. 1963 – They make use of a mobile ball and
liquid ink to produce a smoother line. Technological
advances achieved during the late 1980s and early
1990s have improved the roller ball's overall
performance.
10. 2000 – Multicolored Pens
 INK
- is a fluid or a viscous material
or preparation of various kinds
used in writing or printing.
 Early varieties include:
• Egyptian ink
Various natural dyes made from metals,
the sea creatures like the squid husk or outer
covering of beans or seeds, and (known as
sepia).
• India ink (or Indian ink in British English), or less
commonly called Chinese ink since it may have been first
developed in either India or China, is a simple black ink
once widely used for writing and printing, and now more
commonly used for drawing especially when inking
comics and comic strips. Indian ink tends to clog fountain
pens if not used for long time; it then becomes necessary
to use water to unclog it. An exception to this is Pelikan
Fount India, which does not contain shellac, the
substance which causes clogging.
• Walnut ink
Though to have been used by many of the old
masters for drawing. However, there is no proof of this,
Walnut Inks, if they were used, would have faded fairly
quickly. Made from the green husk surrounding the nut of
walnuts. It may be liquid or made of crystals that are mixed
with water before use. It can be used to produce stains and
darken paper to make it look older.
• Carbon inks
• Were among the very first used. Carbon inks are made from
charcoal or soot suspended in a gum, glue, or varnish medium.
Because much of the best-quality ink was made from lamp black,
the color varied from dark brown to blue-black.
• Carbon inks, known as "sumi" produce an intense black appealing
to painters of all cultures. This quality of liquid sumi is very good:
not all liquid sumi ink is created equal.
 CLASSES OF INK
PRINTING INK- made by grinding
carbon in the form of vegetable char
with varnish made and drying oils.

CANCELING INK- often contains carbon

and this decipher faint cancellation
marks on postage stamps.
IRON-TANNIN INK- discovered in a way that
when soluble salts of iron mixed with extracts
from vegetable liquid was found to be more
suitable for use with the materials such as tan
bark and nut-galls. This dark contemporary
invented type of pen, the quill.
COLORED INK- Synthetic dyestuffs
from the basis of practically all colored
inks whether intended for use in
fountain pens or not.
COPYING INK- Is substantially a
concentrated record ink to which has
been added chemical such as glycerin
or dextrin.
LOGWOOD INK- Formerly in extensive use but
rarely encountered today. About 80 percent of
writing ink is dyestuff ink, the remainder being
iron-tannin.
• INDELIBLE INK
A type of ink that penetrates on the surface
of the paper and cannot be removed like India ink.
The word "indelible" means "cannot be removed".
Some types of indelible ink have a very short shelf
life because of the solvents used, which evaporate
rapidly. India, Philippines, Indonesia and other
developing countries have used indelible ink the
form of electoral stain to prevent electoral fraud.
HECTOGRAPH INK- Consist of a layer of either a
gelatine glycerol mixture of special clay. The
document to be copied is heavily written with
special ink which consists of suitable dyestuff
mixed with glucose, glycerol or a glycol, whose
function is to assist the transfer ink.
STAMP-PAD INKS- These inks are very
similar to hectographs inks except that
they are heavily loaded with humectants,
such as glycerol or
glycol, which drying stamp-pad
inks contain solvent such as
prevent the pad from drying up.
BALL-POINT INK- The success of the ball-
point pen has been bound with the
provision of suitable inks.
LIQUID- LEAD PENCIL INKS- Is an
ordinary ballpoint pen with a fluid
containing finely divided carbon
substituted for the usual dyestuff
containing ink.
Thank you.