BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
C
H
E
DRYING OF SOLIDS 3
0
2

Vaskur Kanti Roy

1802008
L-3 T-1
Chemical engineering Department
BUET
Objective

Study drying C
H
behavior for a
E
wet solid being 3
dried with air 0
of fixed 2
temperature
and humidity
 What Is Drying ?

Involves Utilized as C
Heat transfer removing H
the final
E
& Mass WATER or stage in 3
transfer other solvents manufacturi 0
ng process 2
 Terms Related to Drying
Moisture Content
Moisture content means the percentage of moisture present in any substance
It is often denoted by X% MC (moisture content)
Mathematically we can write C
H
Equilibrium Moisture Content E
The least amount of moisture present in a dry material
3
Critical Moisture Content
0
Is the average moisture content at which the drying rate begins to decline 2

Drying Rate
The loss of moisture from a wet solid per unit of time is defined as the drying rate
Drying rate refers to the unit area of surface drying
Drying rate, , S(kg)= Mass of dry solids , A()=Drying area over which the gas blows, = Time period,
= Change in moisture content
 Drying Curves
Moisture content VS Drying time Drying Rate VS Moisture content

Critical Moisture
Content
C
H
E
3
0
2

Equilibrium moisture content Constant rate period (XB)

First falling rate period (BC) State period (AX/ A’X
Unsteady
Second falling rate period (CE)
Factors Affect Drying
Temperature
Temperature of the inlet air velocity affects drying
T(Increase), DR( increase), Equilibrium Moisture content (decrease) C
H
E
Air Velocity 3
Velocity of the inlet air affects drying 0
v(Increase), DR( increase), Equilibrium Moisture content (constant) 2

Relative Humidity
The rate of evaporation is driven by the relative humidity to greater
degree than by temperature
Lower relative humidity promotes faster drying
Applications Of Drying
Food Industry
Powdered coffee, instant coffee, tea, hazelnuts, almonds, baby foods, coconut flakes etc
C
H
E
Chemical Industry, Plastics & Pharmaceuticals 3
Plastics granules(polyamide, polycarbonate, polyethylene etc), rubber flakes, glass fibers,
0
pharmaceutical intermediates etc 2

Other Branches of Industry

Expanded clay, sands, metal powder, plaster
Types Of Dryer
Tray Dryer

TRAY DRYER C
H
E
3
SPRAY DRYER 0
2

ROTARY VACUMM PADDLE

DRYER (RVPD)

FUIDIZED BED DRYER

 TRAY DRYER
Armfield Tray Dryer
C
H
1 3 5 E
Small-scale 3
An axial flow fan
bench-top A tray carrier 0
draws air into
tray dryer that can hold
the duct through 2
a mesh guard three trays
2 4 6
Electronic closed Three load cells
Stainless- loop control are used to
steel air duct allows stable air determine weight
is included temperature
Experimental Setup

Solid particles

C
Air Flow Direction

Heater

H
E
3
0
Temperature Load Cell
2
Air Temperature
Velocity Humidity Humidity
Sensor Sensor(inlet) Sensor(outlet)

Schematic
The Armfield tray dryer is Diagram of
operated by Armfield software. the setup
 Experimental Procedure

2 3 C
1 H
• And some water was 4
• The temperature on
added to soak all sand
E
the mimic diagram 3
homogeneously
• Removed the was entered as • Total weight was
ambient
• The wet sand was 0
trays from the evenly distributed indicated & recorded
dryers temperature
• Set sampling • End of the drying 2
• Switched on the • After a while empty occurred when the
operation mode to
‘power on’ trays were returned weight of the tray
automatic & sample
button to the tray holder remained same for a
• Zero load cells by interval was set 4
• Fan speed was minutes few minutes
adjusted to clicking zero button • Data recording was
• Placed the trays on
achieve inlet on the software stopped by the icon
• After zeroing some the tray holder & the
velocity 1.5 m/s side door was kept stop data recording
sand was added to
closed
fill the trays
Observed Data

Tray dimensions = 254 mm x 304.8 mm x 9.55

mm
Air velocity = 1.5 m/s C
Ambient air temperature = 20 ℃
H
Weight of dry solid, S = 530 g
E
3
Sample Elapsed Total 0
No. Time Weight 2
A ([g]
Portion
of 1 00:00 590.6
observe 2 02:00 583.4
d data
3 04:00 593.4
4 06:00 591.6
 Calculated data
A portion of calculated data

Sample Number Time (min) Weight of the Moisture Drying Rate C

wet solid (g) content /per gram ( H
Dry weight E
3
1 0.00 590.6 0.114390 0.00000 0
5 08.00 588.7 0.110844 0.910617 2
9 16.00 585.6 0.104932 0.84991
11 20.00 579.3 0.093108 1.214156
13 24.00 575.6 0.086014 0.728494
15 28.00 567.8 0.071234 1.517696
Results & Graphs
0.14 2.5
0.12
2
0.1
Moisture content

0.08 1.5 C B C
H

Drying Rate
0.06
1 A
0.04
0.5
E
0.02
0 0
E 3
00:00 14:24 28:48 43:12
time (min)
57:36 12:00 26:24 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
0
Moisture Content
2
Moisture content vs Time Drying rate vs Moisture content

Equilibrium moisture content,= 0.0052 moisture content/gram of the dry

weight (from left figure)
Critical moisture content, = 0.038 moisture content/gram of the dry weight
(from right figure)
Sample Calculations
Sample Calculation for Observation 04 and 05:

Area of the tray, A = 254 × 10−3 × 304.8 × 10−3 = 0.0774192 m2

Weight of dry sand, S = 530 g
Weight of dry sand with tray, S1 = S = 530 g = 0.530 kg
Time period, ∆t = 4 minutes = 0.0667 h
C
Weight of the wet sand for observation no.4, W4 = 591.6 g H
Weight of the wet sand for observation no.5, W5 = 588.7 g E
3
Moisture content calculation
For observation no.4, Moisture Content,
0
For observation no.5, Moisture Content, 2

Drying rate calculation

Drying Rate,

From figure left, Equilibrium moisture Content= 0.0052

From figure right, Critical moisture content= 0.038
Conclusion

C
H
Types of Dryer
Armfield Tray E
Experimental
Dryer Outcomes
3
0
Drying Curves 2
Drying & & Terms
Applications related to
Drying