Physics

ELP
Project
UPTHRUST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my Physics teacher Ms .
Prerna Swaranjaini ma‘am who has given us such
a wonderful research project. From which I got to
learn many new things and which enhanced my
mind. The Topic was a marvellous and
interactive .
I would also like to give a wonderful thanks to my
parents who provided me with the resources. I
would also like to thank my friend, Raj Shukla
who helped in submitting my project on time.
Table of contents

Overview Examples
01 This topic tells about
Introduction to the topic
02 This topic describes
various examples of
Upthrust Upthrust from daily life

Archimedes Flotation of
Principle
03 This topic describes the
04 Bodies
This topic describes
application of flotation
Archimedes Principle
 “​
“​
Give me a place to stand, and a lever
long enough, and I will move the
world.
—ARCHIMEDES
Introduction
An object that is partly, or
completely, submerged
experiences a greater pressure on
its bottom surface than on its top
surface. This causes a resultant
force upwards. This force is
called upthrust.
 01
Overview
This topic tells about Introduction to
the topic Upthrust
What is Upthrust?

The buoyant force is the upward force

exerted on an object wholly or partly
immersed in a fluid. This upward force
is also called Upthrust. Due to the
buoyant force, a body submerged
partially or fully in a fluid appears to
lose its weight, i.e. appears to be
lighter.
 Factors affecting UPTHRUST
Following factors affect buoyant force:
•the density of the fluid
•the volume of the fluid displaced
•the local acceleration due to gravity

An object whose density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is

submerged tends to sink. If the object is either less dense than the
liquid or is shaped appropriately (as in a boat), the force can keep the
object afloat. In terms of relative density, if the relative density is
less than one, it floats in water and substances with a relative density
greater than one sink in water.
 What causes UPTHRUST ?
• When an object is immersed in water or any other
fluid, we observe that the object experiences a force
from the downward direction opposite to the
gravitational pull, which is responsible for the decrease
in its weight.
• This upward force exerted by the fluid opposes the
weight of an object immersed in a fluid.
• As we know, the pressure in a fluid column increases
with depth.
• Thus, the pressure at the bottom of an object
submerged in the fluid is greater than that at the top.
The difference in this pressure results in a net upward
force on the object which we define as buoyancy.
 Demonstration of UPTHRUST ?
• When we submerge an object in a fluid, an
upward force is experienced by the object. The
fluid applies this force on the object, which
causes it to rise, and we call this force buoyant
force. The magnitude of this force is precisely
equal to the amount of weight of the liquid
displaced.

• The point where the buoyant force is applied or

the point on the object where the force acts is
termed the Center of Buoyancy.
Why does a body sink or FLOAT ?
Body may float or sink based on conditions :-
1. If the density of the body is higher than the density of liquid , then
it would sink.
2. If the density of body is less than the density of liquid , then it
would float.
 02
EXAMPLES
This topic describes various examples
of Upthrust from daily life
 Upthrust in BALOON ?
Buoyancy is a property of fluids by virtue of
which it is able to exert a push force on the
objects suspended in it. Buoyancy is
exhibited by both liquids and gases. Helium
is less dense in nature than the air and
hence, helium-filled balloons rise and float
up in the air because they experience
greater upthrust than the balloons filled
with normal air.
 Upthrust in SHIP ?
A force of gravity that acts on a ship in order to
pull it towards the downward direction is
opposed by a counterforce acting on it in the
upward direction, called the upthrust. Both
the forces acting on the ship are equal and
opposite in nature. Hence, a balanced force is
said to be existing. This balance between
fluid force i.e., upthrust force and the
gravitational force helps the ship to float on
the surface of the water.
 Upthrust in CORK ?

When a rubber cork is pushed into a container

filled with water, it experiences an upward
force that does not allow it to sink to the
base of the container. The magnitude of the
buoyant force is greater than the weight of
the cork. Hence, upthrust causes the cork to
float on the surface of the water.
 Upthrust in an object immersed in
WATER?
When an object is completely immersed in
water, it feels lighter. This is because of the
upthrust acting on the object in the upward
direction. Therefore, the upthrust is equal to
the difference between the weight of the
object in the air and the weight of the object
in the water.
 Upthrust on floating in SEA?

The upthrust force acting on our body helps us to

float in a pool. It is comparatively easier to float
in seas that contain salt-rich water than to float
in freshwater ponds because salt adds mass to
water and makes it denser. The dead sea,
located in Israel, is the saltiest water body
present on earth. Hence, a person is able to float
in the dead sea with great ease. The upthrust
force experienced by the body is equal to the
water displaced by it.
 03
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
This topic describes the Archimedes
Principle
What is the ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE ?
Archimedes principle states that when a
body is immersed completely or
partially in a liquid , it experiences an
upthrust which is equal to the weight of
the liquid displaced by it.

Upthrust or loss in weight =Weight of

water displaced
FB=V p g
 Experimental Verification of the ARCHIMEDES’
PRINCIPLE
Take a stone of known volume with density greater than
water and hang it with a spring weighing balance.
Record the mass m (=W1​) and volume V. Now lower the
system of stone and weighing balance into water slowly
such that the stone is completely immersed in water
(weighing machine is not immersed). Note the new
reading of the weighing machine m2​(=W2​). It is
observed that m2​<m suggesting the existence of an
upward force.
Calculate Upthrust = Difference in weights, ΔW=(m−m2​
)g
Calculate weight of water displaced, Ww​=ρw​V g
It is observed that ΔW=Ww​
 04
FLOTATION OF BODIES
This topic describes application
of flotation
What is the PRINCIPLE OF FLOTATION?

When a body is in fluid there are two

forces acting on it.
1.A force equal to its weight, acting
downwards.
2.Buoyant force, acting upwards.
According to the principle of flotation,
the weight of a floating body is
equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by its submerged part.
What is the PRINCIPLE OF FLOTATION?
W = V ps g = (total volume of the body x density of the body x g)
The upthrust FB of the liquid acting vertically upwards, through the center of gravity
of the displaced liquid, called the center of buoyancy
FB = Vs pl g (Volume of submerged part of body x density of liquid x g)
Note that FB = the weight of liquid displaced by the body
Depending on the values of weight of the body W and buoyant force FB, there are 3
possibilities:
1. W > FB implies that the body will sink
2. W = FB implies that the body will float just inside the surface of the liquid
3. W < FB implies that the body moves to the surface and floats on the surface of the
liquid.
Application of FLOTATION in Beach Ball
Beach balls are filled with air only, so they
have a very small weight, hence they
do not displace much water. Since they
displace less water, the buoyant force
acting on them is also very less, but
when we try to push the ball into the
water, the buoyant force acting on it
increases, which does not let the beach
ball sink into the water, and it floats on
the water surface.
 Application of FLOTATION in Submarines
Submarines also work on Archimedes’ principle. Submarines
can be submerged into the water and can also float on the
surface of the water by maintaining the densities of the
displaced water and submarine. These densities are
maintained by the two important components present in the
submarine that are the compressed tank and the ballast tank.
If we fill the ballast tank with water, it results in a greater
density of the submarine than the density of displaced water,
hence the submarine dives into the water, whereas if this
water is expelled out from the ballast tank with the help of
the compressed tank, then the average density of the
submarine becomes lesser than the density of the displaced
water, and the submarine floats on the water surface.
Application of FLOTATION in ICEBERGS
If the weight of the body is greater than the
upthrust force acting upon it then the
object sinks, whereas if the weight of the
body is equal to the upthrust force acting
upon it then the body floats on the liquid.
Ice and icebergs float on the surface of
the water because of the balanced upward
buoyant force acting on them. So, the
principle of floating is that the upthrust
force acting on the body should be equal
to the weight of the liquid displaced by
the body.
Application of FLOTATION in FISH
Archimedes’ principle also comes into play to
make a fish float in the water. Most of the
fishes have a swim bladder, which helps them
control the buoyant force acting on them.
Fishes filled their swim bladder with air to rise
to the water surface as it increases their
volume, and more water is replaced by them,
hence buoyant force exerted on them also
increases. To dive into the water, fishes release
the air from the swim bladder, hence their
volume decreases, and buoyant force acting
upon them also reduces.
BIBILOGRAPHY
The content of the project was referred
from :-
1. Concise Physics
2. Wikipedia
3. YouTube
4. Ratna Sagar Living Science Physics
Class 9
5. HC Verma Foundation Physics Class
9