CB3d

Inheritance
Learning Outcomes:
CB3.14 Use Punnett squares to work out possible
combinations of alleles in the offspring of parents.
CB3.14 Interpret family pedigree charts to work out
possible inherited genotypes and phenotypes.
CB3.15 Describe how sex is determined in humans.
CB3.16 Calculate ratios of phenotypes (controlled by
alleles of a single gene) when organisms are crossed.
CB3.16 Calculate probabilities of certain phenotypes
occurring when organisms are crossed.

Complete the worksheet, EXTENSION: How

do you think sex is
matching up key words from determined in
last lesson to their meaning. children?
 The alleles for one gene are
Genotype different.

Both alleles for one gene are the

Homozygous same.

Heterozygous The alleles that an organism has.

Recessive What the organism looks like.

If the allele is present it will always

Phenotype be expressed in the phenotype.

Dominant Both alleles needed to be expressed

in the phenotype.
 Determining Sex
Two of our chromosomes determine sex,
they are called sex chromosomes.

There are two types of sex chromosome:

X Y and
 Determining Sex

XX
Females have two X sex chromosomes.
Meaning we all received an X
chromosome from our mother.

XY
Males have one X and one Y sex
chromosome.
Meaning the boys in the room received
a Y chromosome from their father and
the girls received an X.
 Mother Father
Gametes (sex cells)

X X X Y

XX XY XX XY

Possibilities of zygotes (fertilised egg cell)

 Determining Sex
child is determined
Sex of a ..........
chromosomes of
by the sex …………………………, KEYWORDS:
which we have two. They are Males
either X or Y sex
chromosomes. Chromosomes
males have one of each,
…………… Gamete
females have two X
whereas ………………
Child
chromosomes.
This means the male gamete
…………… Female
sex
always determines the ……… Sex
of the child.
Using a punnet square we can determine the
likelihood of a couple having a boy or a girl:
FEMALE

X X

X XX XX
MALE

Y XY XY

What is the ratio of the likelihood of boys and girls.

What is the probability of it being a boy or a girl.
 FEMALE

X X

X XX XX
MALE

Y XY XY

The ratio of boys The probability of

to girls is 2:2, each sex is 50%
which we simplify boy and 50% girl.
to 1:1.
 Practicing Punnet Squares
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that causes people
to have problems with their lungs and digestive system.

It is a recessive disorder, people with two recessive

alleles (f) will have the disorder.
People who have at least one dominant allele (F) will not
get the disorder.

Draw a punnet square for two heterozygous

parents who do not have CF themselves. What
is the probability of having a child with CF?
Check your
answer and
your punnet
square:

The probability of having a child with CF is 25%

if both the parents are carriers (heterozygous).
A family pedigree chart shows how the genotypes and their
resulting phenotypes are inherited in families.
Stick in your sheet about family pedigree
charts and answer the following questions:

1. Which letter shows a recessive allele?

2. Why doesn’t Carolyne have PKU?
3. What is Brian’s genotype?
4. What is Richard’s phenotype?
5. What percentage of the first generation
offspring have PKU?
6. Calculate the probability that Sam has PKU.
Answers:
1. Which letter shows a recessive allele?
q
2. Why doesn’t Carolyne have PKU?
She has one dominant allele- she's a carrier.
3. What is Brian’s genotype?
qq
4. What is Richard’s phenotype?
Unaffected (doesn’t have PKU)
5. What percentage of the first generation
offspring have PKU?
50%
6. Calculate the probability that Sam has PKU.
50%
Worksheet
 t- i t
T we e
Summarise today’s lesson in 140
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