DR IBRAHIM DUMBUYA

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
NJALA UNIVERSITY
PRE-PHARMACY AND PRE-MEDICINE 1
MATHEMATICS
 PRE – CALCULUS

1. NUMBERS AND EQUATIONS

Numbers
Classification of numbers in mathematics is a
way of grouping numbers into different
categories based in their properties and how
they are represented.
There are many types of numbers but some of the
most common ones are:
Natural Numbers: These are the positive integers
that we use for counting, such as 1,2,3,4, and so
on. They are also called counting numbers.
Natural numbers are labelled N.
Whole Numbers: They are the natural
numbers with zero added, such as 0,1,2,3,4
and so on. They are labelled W.
Integers: These are the whole numbers with
the negative natural numbers added, such as
-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 and so on. They are also
called singed numbers. They are labelled Z.
•
•
Complex Numbers: These are numbers that can be
written as a+b¡, where a and b are real numbers
and i is an indeterminate satisfying ¡2 = -1.
Prime Numbers: These are Numbers that have
only two factors, 1 and themselves.
Composite Numbers: These are numbers that have
more than two factors. They are the opposite of
prime numbers.
 Simultaneous Linear Equations in Two Variables
•
The solution of a system of linear equations in
two variables can be found by graphing the
equation and finding the point of intersection of
the lines, if any. Alternatively, the solution can be
found by algebraic methods, such as substitution
or elimination.
SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS BY
SUBSTITUTION METHOD
The substitution method is a way of solving a
system of linear equations in two variables
by expressing one variable in terms of the
other from one equation, and then
substituting into the other equation.
 Examples
•
 Examples
•
 Examples
•
 Examples
•
 Examples
•
 Examples
•
 Examples
•
 SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS BY
ELIMINATION METHOD
The elimination method is a way of solving a
system of linear equations in two variables
by adding or subtracting the equations to
eliminate one variable and obtain an
equation in one variable.
 Examples

•
 Examples
•
 Examples
•
 Examples
•
 Examples
•
 Examples
•
 Examples
Then our new equations are:
2p – 3q = 4 -------(1)
4p + q = 1 -------(2)
Multiply (2) by 3
 Examples

•
 Examples

•
 Examples
•
 Examples

•
 Consistent and inconsistent Systems
•
 Exercise

•
 Exercise
•
 GRAPHICAL METHOD OF SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS
The graphical method of solving linear equations
involves plotting the equations on a graph and
finding their point of intersection. Here are the
steps:
1. Draw a graph for each of the given linear
equations. Each linear equation will be
represented as a straight line on the graph.
 GRAPHICAL METHOD OF SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS

2. Find the coordinates of the point of intersection

of the two lines drawn. The coordinates of this
point will be the common solution of the given
equations.
3. Write the values of x and y. These are the
solutions to your pair of linear equations.
•
4. Check the solution by substituting the
values of x and y obtained in both the given
equations.
Let us take two linear equations and solve
them using the graphical method.
Table of values of 𝑦 = 8 − 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

𝑥 0 1 2 3 4

8 8 8 8 8 8

−𝑥 0 −1 −2 −3 −4

𝑦 8 7 6 5 4
Next consider y = x + 2.

𝑥 0 1 2 3 4

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

𝑦 2 3 4 5 6

Plotting these points on the coordinate plane, we get a graph like this.
 GRADIENT OF A LINE JOINING TWO POINTS
•
 EXAMPLES
•
 EXAMPLES
•
SLOPE INTERCEPT FORM OF A LINEAR EQUATION
•
 EXAMPLES
•
 EXAMPLES
•
 EXAMPLES
•
•
 POINT⎼ SLOPE FORM

•
 EXAMPLES

•
(y - 3 = 4(x - 2))
Simplify to get the equation in slope-intercept
form ((y = mx + b)):
(y = 4x - 5)
So, the equation of the line is (y = 4x - 5).
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
•
 Methods of Solving Quadratic equations

Quadratic equations can be solved (finding their

roots) by the following methods:
i. iv. Factorization ii. Completing the square
iii. Formula iv. Graphical
 Solution by Factorisation
•
Solution
(3𝑥 – 2) (5𝑥 – 4) = (3𝑥 -2)2
⇒ 3𝑥(5𝑥 – 4) -2(5𝑥 – 4) = (3𝑥 – 2) (3𝑥 – 2)
15𝑥 - 12𝑥 - 10𝑥 + 8 = 9𝑥 - 6𝑥 - 6𝑥 + 4
2 2
•
(x – 1) (6x – 4) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or 6x – 4 = 0
x = 1 or 6x - 4 = 0
x = 1 or 6x = 4
x = 1 or 2/3 .
•
•
•