Feed Additives, Hormones Submitted to:

Saleet Ahmed
Group 2(Noman
Dr. Hafiz

Bashir,

And Probiotics For Growth Bayazeed Ahmed, Hammad

bin Javed, M. Yousaf,
Farhan Tariq, Noor Zeb)
Introduction to feed additives

 Feed additives can effectively improve production levels, efficiency, and

animal health.
 The primary effects of feed additives are increased feed efficiency and
improved average daily weight gain.
 Some feed additives also reduce incidence of bloat, acidosis, or
coccidiosis.
 Other feed additives reduce liver abscesses, control foot rot problems and
control parasites.
 Ionophores
 Ionophores reduce the incidence of coccidiosis, acidosis and bloat. Animal performance improves by
using ionophores.
 The benefits of including ionophores in beef cattle diets are well documented.
 Ionophores decrease the breakdown of protein in the rumen.
 Ionophores generally improve feed efficiency from 5 to 10 percent and improve rate of gain by 2 to 7
percent.
 The decreased breakdown of protein in the rumen increases the protein going to the small intestine,
where it can be better used by the animal.
 Monensin, for example, has a “protein sparing” effect by decreasing ammonia formation from protein.
 Monensin 20% granular feed premix ® 25 kg packing imported by UM enterprises from China
 Rumensin premix 20% ® imported by ICI Pakistan from New Zealand
 Silva feed nutri ® it contain tannins imported by hilton pharma from Silvateam, Italy
Buffers & Neutralizers

 Buffers can be added to beef cattle diets to reduce fluctuations in

rumen pH.
 Sodium bicarbonate is an example of a feed additive that buffers
rumen pH. This helps reduce the incidence of acidosis when
adapting cattle to high-grain diets such as wheat at high levels.
 Lessen the decrease in pH caused by VFA production
Yeast Cultures

 Yeast cultures (for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) may

improve feed efficiency, gain and health in beef cattle.
 Yeast-based products affect dry matter intake, rumen pH and
nutrient digestibility.
 But some studies show no benefits from adding yeast
cultures to beef cattle diets.
 SAFMANNAN ® imported by hilton pharma from France.
 AMAX ULTRA ® imported by UM Enterprises from Canda
Bloat Prevention Aid

 Poloxalene can be fed to beef cattle to help prevent bloat on legume and
other lush pasture.
 Poloxalene can be mixed with feed or offered in block form.
 For product effectiveness, cattle must consume adequate quantities of
poloxalene.
 It is still important to use other bloat-prevention measures, such as filling
cattle up on hay before turning them out onto lush pasture, to be safe when
dealing with high bloat risk.
 Bloat Guard@ (1 g of poloxalene per 45kg of body weight).
Beta-agonist

 Ractopamine hydrochloride (Optaflexx®) is a beta-agonist that redirects

nutrients that would have become fat and synthesizes them into protein.
 This increases muscle fiber size and lean meat yield.
 Ractopamine hydrochloride is fed to cattle during the final 28–42 days of
finishing to increase live weight gain, improve feed efficiency and increase
red meat yield.
 The pork industry uses ractopamine hydrochloride as Paylean® at a
different dosage level from the beef industry.
Antioxidants

 It is used to prevent rancidity of unsaturated fatty acids Inclusion rates up to

0.25 pounds per ton BHA/BHT (Butylated hydroxyanisole or toluene)
Ethyoxiquin OPTOMEGA PLUS ® (a preservative to protect fats and fat-
soluble vitamins from oxidative degradation)
Vitamin E (inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species molecules when
fat undergoes oxidation and during the propagation of free radical reactions.)
Rosemary (due to the polyphenols present in the leave which accumulate in
the fatty membranes of cells where the antioxidant effect is required
• OXIHOLD ® contain BHA along with ethyoxiquin import from England
Vitamins and Minerals premix

• ROVIMIX A 1000, D3 500, E 50, K3, B1, B2 80 SD, B3 NIACIN, B6, B9

FOLIC 80 SD, VITAMIN B12 1% FEED GRADE imported by Hilton
pharma from Switzerland.
• FEEDDOX ® imported by O2 Enterprises from Germany.
• DENO-MIX DAIRY ® it also contain antioxidant imported by amin
Enterprises Sahiwal from Belgium.
• Complimax ® it also contain anti-oxidant imported by amin Enterprises
Sahiwal from Itlay.
Toxin Binder

• SORHIL ®( yeast based), SORHIL PLUS ® (Clay based) imported by

Hilton pharma from Spain.
• OTOX ® (yeast based), OXLAY ® mycotoxin binder imported by O2
enterprises from Germany.
• BioBon ® yeast based mycotoxin binder imported by ghazi brothers from
Angel Animal Nutrition China.
• Perfex-Plus ® mycotoxin binder imported by amin enterprises Shaiwal
from Itlay.
Amino Acids

• L-LYSINE HCL, L-THREONINE imported by Hilton pharma from Japan

• Menomet 50®Rumen Protected Methionine imported by ghazi brothers
from China
Probiotics

• According to WHO Probiotics are live microorganisms when

administered in an adequate amount confer a health benefit to the
host.
• Probiotics are organisms and substances, which contribute to intestinal
microbial balance.
• Probiotics include Lactobacillus spp, Bifidobacterium spp, Streptococcus
spp, Yeast, and Molds
Conti…..

• Probiotics have been shown to have positive effects on:

• Microbial ecosystem
• Nutrient synthesis
• Growth
• Performance
• Carcass weight
• Muscle production and meat quality
• Prevention of enteric diseases
• Immunity
Characteristics of probiotics
Effect of probiotics on animal health and
nutrition
• Probiotics are partly digested and broken down. Thus, only small portions are viable. Later,
probiotics colonize the intestinal layer, competitively exclude the pathogen, and enhance the
nutrient synthesis in the GIT.
• It is also considered that probiotics compete with other non-beneficiary organisms for the
endowment of nutrients to the host body.
• Lactiplantibacillus plantarum breaches the carbohydrate to simpler compounds such as
glucose, which provides energy to the animal.
• Lactobacillus can improve muscle development and meat quality by regulating the different
mechanistic pathways associated with muscle development.
• Aspergillus oryzae as probiotics ameliorates the animal performance and body weight by
producing different enzymes related to improving fiber digestion and nutrient
absorption to the animal
Conti….

• Probiotics combat pathogens by producing different inhibitory

substances, such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and
bacteriocins.
• Furthermore, many antibiotic metabolites (acidolin and lactolin,
etc.) release from the probiotics, which have inhibitory activities
against different pathogenic microorganisms.
• Probiotics can modulate the anti and pro-inflammatory
cytokine production to control inflammation in the host.
Effect of probiotics on meat quality

• As a dietary supplement, probiotics also showed positive effects on carcass weight

and meat quality.
• Such effects on meat quality includes improvement of product quality and shelf
life, upgrading the sensory qualities, and improving color and tenderness and
healthy fatty acid profiles.
Conti...

• Lactobacillus spp and Bifidobacterium spp improved meat

color by reducing the oxidation of myoglobin.
• Lactobacillus and yeast are responsible for producing odour
and flavor.
• Probiotics increases antioxidants activity and reduce lipid
oxidation and improve meat flavor.
• Probiotics assists to keep high pH (5.6)
Safety concerns relate to probiotic use

When microorganisms are used as probiotics, safety is a significant issue.

Not only for the animal’s health but also for human health, probiotics should
be:
• Nontoxic,
• Non-pathogenic.
• Not related to antibiotic resistance gene transmission.
Cont…

• Risks that may occur when using microorganisms as probiotics are:

• Any infection to the animals when fed the probiotic.
• Any infection to the consumers of animal products produced by animals fed
probiotics.
• Transfer of antibiotic resistance from probiotics to other pathogenic microorganisms.
• Release of infectious and pernicious compounds to the environment from the animal
production systems.
• Chance of transfer infection to the animal and animal feed handlers.
• Skin and/or eye and/or mucus membrane sensitization in the handler of probiotics.
• Any detrimental metabolic or toxic effects in the host due to production of toxins by
probiotics.
• Hyper-stimulation of the immune system of the animal.
Probiotics used in Pakistan

• ProBioMins: It is manufactured by Hilton Pharma (Pvt.) . It is composed

of micro and macro minerals, vitamins and probiotics. (In cattle and Buffalo
dose is 10-20g\40kg).
• ActiSaf sc 47: It is manufactured by Hilton Pharma (Pvt.) . It is composed
of Yeast. ( In beef cattle dose is 1-5g\head\day. In calf 0.5-2g\head\day ).
• Biosprint: It is manufactured by PROSOL S.p.A. Italy. It is composed of
live Yeast. ( In beef cattle dose is 2g\head\day ).
• YeaVita R: It is manufactured by Gazi Brothers. It is composed of live
yeast. ( In beef cattle dose is 4-5g\head\day ).
Hormones for Growth

• The hormones that affect growth in animals are growth hormones.

• It includes:
• Growth hormone
• Insulin
• Thyroid hormones
• Prolactin
• Gonadal steroids (androgens and estrogen)
• Glucocorticoids
• These can be natural and synthetic
Natural growth Hormones

• Growth Hormone (GH):

• Also known as somatotropin, GH is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. It
stimulates the growth and development of tissues, including muscle and bone. GH
enhances protein synthesis and can lead to increased muscle mass in beef animals.
• Insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1):
• IGF-1 is produced in the liver and other tissues in response to GH. It plays a crucial
role in regulating the growth-promoting effects of GH. Higher levels of IGF-1 can
lead to increased muscle growth and development
Conti…

• Thyroid Hormone:
• Particularly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), influence
metabolic rate and energy utilization in beef animals. They can impact
the efficiency of feed conversion and overall growth.
• Sex Hormones:
• Hormones like testosterone in males and estradiol in females are
natural hormones that influence the growth and development of
secondary sexual characteristics in beef animals. These hormones can
affect muscle development and fat deposition.
Synthetic growth Hormones

• Trenbolone Acetate:
• Trenbolone is a synthetic hormone that promotes muscle growth and
reduces fat deposition. It works by increasing protein synthesis and
reducing the breakdown of muscle tissue. Trenbolone is often used in
combination with other hormones, such as estradiol, to enhance its effects.
• Zeranol:
• It is a synthetic estrogenic hormone that mimics the effects of natural
estrogen. It can promote muscle growth and reduce fat accumulation in beef
cattle. Zeranol is often used as an implant under the skin of the ear in cattle.
• For example: ZENOL,RALGRO(zeranol implants),etc.
Conti…

• Melengestrol Acetate (MGA):

• MGA is a synthetic progestin hormone that can be used to suppress
estrus (heat) in heifers. By preventing heifers from coming into estrus,
MGA allows them to redirect energy toward growth instead of
reproductive processes.
• Growth Hormone(GH):
• While GH can be administered synthetically, some beef animals
naturally produce varying amounts of GH.
Conti…
Conti…

• Contraindications:
• The use of synthetic growth hormones in beef production is a subject
of debate and regulation. Some argue that when used within
established guidelines, these hormones can enhance the efficiency of
beef production, reduce the time required to reach market weight, and
contribute to the economic viability of the industry. However, concerns
have been raised about potential health risks to consumers and animal
welfare.
Thank you!