The module will focus on discussing the general structure and

functions of the biomolecules as well as the common samples or

material where it can be seen.
The learners are expected to:
(a) explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their
properties and functions (S11/12PS-IIIe-22)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the four macromolecules according to its general structure;
2. Describe the properties of each macromolecule; and
3. Explain the functions of each macromolecule as well as the common
samples where it can be seen.
 Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which biomolecule has a biological function as

‘source of energy’?
A.Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acids
B.Lipids D. Proteins
 Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which biomolecule has a biological function as

‘source of energy’?
A.Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acids
B.Lipids D. Proteins
2. Which represents a carbohydrate?
A. CnH2n+2 C. CnH2n
B. (CH2O)n D. (C2HO)n
2. Which represents a carbohydrate?
A.CnH2n+2 C. CnH2n
B.(CH2O)n D. (C2HO)n
3. The following samples are simple carbohydrates
except .
A.Cellulose C. Glucose
B.Fructose D. Sucrose
3. The following samples are simple carbohydrates
except .
A.Cellulose C. Glucose
B.Fructose D. Sucrose
4. Which statement below best describes a lipid?
A.It is insoluble to water.
B.It is always in gaseous form.
C.Its general structure is only made up of carbon
and hydrogen.
D.It can form ionic compounds due to its ability
to become ionic.
4. Which statement below best describes a lipid?
A.It is insoluble to water.
B.It is always in gaseous form.
C.Its general structure is only made up of carbon
and hydrogen.
D.It can form ionic compounds due to its ability
to become ionic.
5. Which structure below is rich in lipid as manifested
by its function?
A. Human muscle fibers
B. Rigid cell wall of plant cells
C. Semi-permeable cell membrane
D. Enzymes catalyzing substances
5. Which structure below is rich in lipid as manifested
by its function?
A. Human muscle fibers
B. Rigid cell wall of plant cells
C. Semi-permeable cell membrane
D. Enzymes catalyzing substances
6. Which one is NOT a lipid?
A. Cholesterol C. Triglyceride
B. Lactase D. Waxes
6. Which one is NOT a lipid?
A. Cholesterol C. Triglyceride
B. Lactase D. Waxes
7. What is primarily the function of a nucleic acid?
A. As storage of energy of the body
B. As source of energy of the body
C. As structural molecules of most living organisms
D. For storage and expression of genetic information
7. What is primarily the function of a nucleic acid?
A. As storage of energy of the body
B. As source of energy of the body
C. As structural molecules of most living organisms
D. For storage and expression of genetic information
8. What does DNA mean?
A. Dinucleotide adenine C. Deoxyribonucleic
acid
B. Dinucleic adenine D. Diribonucleic acid
8. What does DNA mean?
A. Dinucleotide adenine C. Deoxyribonucleic acid
B. Dinucleic adenine D. Diribonucleic acid
9. Which of the molecules below DOES NOT constitute
a nucleic acid?
A. Amino acid C. Phosphate group
B. Nitrogenous base D. Sugar
9. Which of the molecules below DOES NOT constitute
a nucleic acid?
A. Amino acid C. Phosphate group
B.Nitrogenous base D. Sugar
10. What group is attached to the
left side of the central Carbon?

A. Amino group

B. Hydrogen group

C. Carboxyl group

D.Side Chains/Functional Groups

10. What group is attached to the left side
of the central Carbon?

A. Amino group

B.Hydrogen group

C.Carboxyl group

D.Side Chains/Functional
11. What makes an amino acid unique from one other?

A.The form of attachment

B. The different side chains

C. The manner of peptide bond

D. The presence of acids and bases

11. What makes an amino acid unique from one other?

A. The form of attachment

B. The different side chains
C. The manner of peptide bond
D.The presence of acids and bases
12. Which is rich in protein?
A. Plant leaves C. Vegetable oil
B. Human hair D. Table salt
12. Which is rich in protein?
A. Plant leaves C. Vegetable oil
B. Human hair D. Table salt
13. Which constitutes a plant fiber?
A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipid D. Protein
13. Which constitutes a plant fiber?

A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid

B. Lipid D. Protein
14. Which is a component of grease?

A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid

B. Lipid D. Protein
14. Which is a component of grease?

A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid

B. Lipid D. Protein
15. Which has amino acids as its building blocks?
A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipid D. Protein
15. Which has amino acids as its building blocks?
A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipid D. Protein
 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

 Living organisms are basically made up of

organic compounds.
 The process of building organic molecules by
living organism is called as biosynthesis.
Biomolecules (also known as
macromolecules) are organic compounds
that make up all living organisms.
It is produced through the process of
biosynthesis.
Organic compounds are carbon-rich
molecules usually in association with
hydrogen and oxygen.
Organic and nature-based materials we are
using today are primarily rich in these four
macromolecules.
What is the role of the biomolecules?
Biomolecules are the most important organic compounds
that promote the functioning of living organisms. These
molecules promote essential functions, including the
source of energy, hemoglobin responsible for carrying
oxygen in the body, and so on. In simple terms, life would
be impossible without biomolecules.
The four macromolecules are:
1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. nucleic acids
4. proteins
Activity 1
The objective of this activity is to determine
how familiar you are with the different
macromolecules and their examples.
Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer.
Given the samples below, determine if they are
made from:

A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid

B. Lipids D. Proteins
 Have you ever thought what makes up a living
organism?
Biologically, they are made up of cells, tissues,
organs, and body systems. But if we will look closely,
all forms of life are considered matter, hence, made up
of compounds. Molecules that make up a living
organism is called biomolecules. It is also known as
macromolecules as they large organic molecules. A
process called biosynthesis is needed in order to
produce biomolecules. There are four types of
biomolecules, namely: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates is the one of the most abundant
macromolecule on Earth.
Literally, it means “hydrates of carbons” because of its
1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Molecular formula which is represented as (CH2O)n,
wherein it refers to the number of carbons present in
the molecule.
This biomolecule is generally classified as simple or
complex. Table 1 shows the difference between simple
and complex carbohydrates.
Table 1 Simple and Complex Carbohydrates
Glucose comes from the Greek word for "sweet." It's a type of sugar you get from
foods you eat, and your body uses it for energy. As it travels through your
bloodstream to your cells, it's called blood glucose or blood sugar. Insulin is a
hormone that moves glucose from your blood into the cells for energy and storage.
 Lipids, also known as the fat molecule,
 it is made up of hydrocarbons with non-polar
functional groups.
 A fat molecule is composed of glycerol bonded to
fatty acids.
 Glycerol is an organic compound with three carbons,
five hydrogens, and three hydroxyl groups,
 Fatty acids have long chains of hydrocarbons with
carboxyl group. Can you identify these parts in
Figure 1?
Lipids is made up of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated fatty acids are double-bonded hydrocarbons,
liquid at room temperature and commonly extracted from
plants.
On the other hand, saturated fatty acids are single-bonded
hydrocarbons, solidifies even at room temperature, and is
present in animal fats.
There is also trans fats in which is artificially hydrogenated,
making them partially solid at room temperature. This makes
it more useful and desirable in many processed foods.
Can you name some examples of these kinds of lipids?
What are 5 examples of lipids?
1. butter
2. ghee,
3. vegetable oil
4. cheese
5. cholesterol and other steroids, waxes, phospholipids,
and fat-soluble vitamins. All these compounds have
similar features, i.e. insoluble in water and soluble in
organic solvents, etc.
 Nucleic acids are the most important biomolecule in the
continuity of life.
 It functions as the storage of genetic information in the
cells.
 It could be in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or
RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Table 2 shows the features of each nucleic acid.

Table 2 Features of DNA and RNA
PROTEINS

 Proteins are one of the most complex macromolecules when it comes

to their function.
 Like carbohydrates, proteins are also very abundant in living
organisms.
 The building blocks of proteins are the amino acids and there are 20
known of them.
 Each amino acid has different R group or side chain, which
determines the uniqueness of each amino acid.
Figure 3 below shows the parts of the amino acid molecule.
The different types of proteins are classified based on its
function.
 Keratin in the hair is an example of structural protein,
 while hormones like insulin are regulatory proteins.
 Actin and myosin proteins are for movement, hence, called
as contractile proteins.
 Antibodies that are produced by the white blood cells are
protective proteins,
 while hemoglobin which carries oxygen gas is a transport
protein,
 and an egg albumin is a storage protein as nourishment for
the developing embryo
Nucleic acids are the most
important biomolecule in the
continuity of life. It functions as
the storage of genetic
information in the cells. It could
be in the form of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA
(ribonucleic acid).
What are the important
points of DNA?
An important property of DNA
is that it can replicate, or make
copies of itself. Each strand of
DNA in the double helix can
serve as a pattern for
duplicating the sequence of
bases. This is critical when
cells divide because each new
cell needs to have an exact
copy of the DNA present in the
old cell.