Introduction of

material science
CHAPTER 1
CLO

 Explain the fundamental of material science including

identification of various types of materials, mechanical
behavior, metal production processes, and various
principles of material testing.
NASA's twin robot geologists
Introduction

 Material science is primarily concerned with the search of

basic knowledge about the internal structure, properties
and processing of materials.
 Example ; copper
COMPOSITE
ADVANCED
MATERIAL

BIOMATERIAL

SEMICONDUCTOR

NANOENGINEERED
MATERIAL

SMART
MATERIAL
Metallic materials
 Are inorganics substances that are composed of one or more
metallic elements and may also contain some nonmetallic element
 Example
 metallic elements ; iron, copper, aluminum, nickel and titanium
 nonmetallic elements ; carbon, nitrogen and oxygen
 Have a crystalline structure ; atoms arranged in orderly manner
 Are good thermal and electrical conductors
 Mostly strong and ductile at room temperature
Metallic materials

 Metal divided into two classes.

 Significantly higher usage and production of steels and cast
irons when compared to other alloys.
 are used in numerous industries including aerospace,
biomedical, semiconductor etc.
Metallic materials
Polymeric materials

 Consist of long molecular chains or networks that are usually based on organics.
 Example :-
 Elastomer, plastics and polymer-coating materials
 Mostly are non-crystalline, but some consist of mixtures of crystalline and non
crystalline regions.
 The strength and ductility vary greatly.
 Most are poor conductors of electricity, means these material good insulators.
 Less costly
Polymeric materials
Ceramics materials

 Are inorganic materials that consist of metallic and non metallic elements
chemically bonded together.
 Can be crystalline, non-crystalline, or mixtures of both.
 Examples :- clay, glass, stone
 Mostly have high-hardness and high-temperature strength but tend to be brittle
 Advantages for Eng. Apps – light weight, high strength and hardness, good heat
and wear resistance, reduced friction and isolative properties.
 Can be applied to aerospace, metal manufacturing biomedical, automobile.
Ceramics materials
Composites materials

 May be defined as two or more materials integrated to form a new one.

 Mostly consists of a selected filler of reinforcing material and a compatible resin
binder to obtain the specific characteristics and properties desired.
 They do not dissolve to each other, low fracture toughness & brittleness
 Combination of reinforcement and matrix materials.
 Example:
 Thin sheets of wood + polymer = plywood
 Carbon-fiber-epoxy composite material used for wings and wings of transport plane.
Composite materials
Advanced materials

 To all new materials and modifications to existing materials to obtain superior

performance in one or more characteristics that are critical for the application
under consideration.
 Advanced materials outperform conventional materials with superior properties
such as toughness, hardness, durability and elasticity.
 The development of advanced materials can even lead to the design of completely
new products, including medical implants and computers.
Advanced materials

 Example :
 Tiny carbon nanotubes in new types of X-ray tubes that are more efficient and
safer than the current ones at airports and in doctor’s offices.
 New coatings and methods of manufacturing Teflon - an example of a polymer
material made with chemical processing methods that causes much less pollution
and is ‘environmentally friendly.’
 Materials in new diagnostic methods such as those used for medical biopsies.
Advanced materials

 Types of advanced materials.

 Biomaterials
 Semiconductor
 Nanoengineered materials
 Smarts materials
Biomaterials

 A biomaterial is any material, or synthetic substances which can be introduced

into body tissue as part of an implanted medical device or used to replace an
organ, bodily function,etc.
 must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues
 All of the above materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and
semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials
 Examples -> joint replacement, Artificial hip, bone plates, heart valves, contact
lenses, dental implants for tooth fixation etc
Nanoengineered materials
Semiconductor

 Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the

conductors (e.g. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (e.g. ceramics and
polymers)
 Common elements such as carbon, silicon, and germanium are semiconductors.
 Ge was widely used in the early days of semiconductor development for
transistors and diods.
 Si is now used for the majority of rectifiers, transistors and integrated circuits.
 The electronic and optical properties of semiconductors are strongly affected by
impurities, which may be added in precisely controlled amounts
Smart materials

 Smart materials are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be
significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, temperature,
moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields.

 TYPES OF SMART MATERIALS:

 PIEZEOELECTRIC MATERIALS
 SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY
 MAGNETOSTERICTIVE MATERIALS
 PH-SENSITIVE POLYMERS
 HALOCHROMIC MATERIALS
 CHROMOGENIC SYSTEM
 PHOTO MECHANICAL MATERIALS
 SELF-HEALING MARETIALS.
Smart materials

 Smart materials have properties that react to changes in their environment.

 This means that one of their properties can be changed by an external condition,
such as temperature, light, pressure or electricity
 This change is reversible and can be repeated many times. There are a wide range
of different smart materials.
 Each offer different properties that can be changed. Some materials are very good
indeed and cover a huge range of the scales.
Piezoelectric

 Piezoelectric materials are materials that produce a tiny voltage when stress
is applied e.g. pressure by compressing a material i.e. 'squeezing' it. :
 Piezoelectric materials are materials that produce a tiny voltage when stress is
applied e.g. pressure by compressing a material i.e. 'squeezing' it.
 The electric polarising effect is a direct result of mechanical stress on the crystal
structure of the material.
 Piezoelectric materials are most widely used as sensors in different environments.
 This piezo -electric effect can be used to detect stress and deformation in solid
materials.