EMPLOYEE

PERCEPTION
 Meaning of Perception

 Perception may be defined as the process by which an

individual selects, organizes and interpret stimuli into a
meaningful and coherent picture of the environment in
which he lives.
The process by which people notice and make sense of

information from the environment”

Cognitive Process
by which an
individual
selects,organises
and gives
meaning to
environment
stimuli
•Sensation
The process through which the senses pick up visual,
auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to
the brain;
Sensory information that has registered in the brain but
has not been interpreted called sensation

•Perception
The process by which sensory information is actively
organized and interpreted by the brain The process of
selecting, organizing, and interpreting raw sensory data
into useful mental representations of the world.
• Eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue contain
receptor cells

• These receptor cells receive and process sensory

information from the environment
Perceptual processes include:

Selection refers to choosing which of many stimuli that

will be processed.

Organization involves collecting the information into

some pattern.
Interpretation involves understanding the pattern.
• Following are the group of factors
1. Objective Factors
2. Subjective Factors
•There are a number of characteristics of
stimuli that influence our perception.
1. Intensity
2. Size
3. Distinct & Striking
4. Movement
5. Novelty
6. Duration
7. Repetition
8. Abrupt Change
1. Intensity; The louder a sound , the more likely
a person is to perceive it. The brighter a light,
the more likely it is to be in the focus of
perception.

2. Size; A full page advertisement is more likely to

be noticed than a half- column one.

3. Distinct & Striking; Distinct and striking things

are perceived sooner than dull and unclear
things.

4. Movement; When things move suddenly in still

and motionless environment ,it is quickly
perceived .e.g. birds sitting quietly on tree are
not quickly perceived as compared to ones
about to fly.
5. Novelty; A new and novel thing is perceived
sooner than old and used thing.
6. Duration; Television and radio advertisements
of long duration are attended to more than
those of short duration.
7. Repetition; Repetition causes us to adapt to
the repeated stimulus .
8. Abrupt Change; Any change in stimulus
conditions, such as increase in noise , often
attracts attention.
• Sometimes, perception is determined not
only by the physical characteristics of stimuli
but by the characteristics of the perceiver.
These are
1. Motives or needs
2. Interests & values
3. Past experience
4. Age
5. Preparatory set
6. Social & cultural factors
1.Motives or Needs; when people are motivated ,they
tend to see and hear what they want to hear. In
other words, we may be set to perceive the world
in ways that agree with our motives and match our
goals.
2.Interests & Values: we attend to those aspects of
world that relate to our interest.
3.Past Experience; Much of our daily activity is
dependent upon past experience. we have learned
to react to cues & symbols. E.g., on seeing a moving
line on the sky, we guess it to be an airplane.
4.Age; Age brings a change in perception as
well. A child perceives things in different
way as compared to a young person.
5.Preparatory Set; This refers to a person’s
readiness to respond to one kind of sensory
input, but not to other kinds.
6.Social & Cultural Influences ; The normal
perceptual experiences of a culture may lead
its members to develop perceptual biases,
suggestions and prejudices.
• We perceive objects in different manners as
compared to their position in the
environment. Objects may be moving or
static, when we have to perceive motion. We
may have to locate sounds and voices in the
space around us.
1. Form Perception
2. Size Perception
3. Depth Perception
4. Perception of Movement
5. Time Perception
Figure and ground are basic organizational
themes for perception.
□ Figure is perceived as distinct from the background.
□ Figure is closer to the viewer than the background.
□ Reversible Figures: Figure and ground can be
switched
• Formation of a figure: There are some factors
which would bring some order to perception
1. Nearness: Stimuli that are near to each other,
tend to be grouped together
2. Similarity: Stimuli that are similar in size, shape,
color, or form tend to be grouped together
3. Continuation or continuity: Perception tends
towards simplicity and continuity
4. Closure: refers to the tendency to complete a
figure, so, that it has a consistent overall form
• Three types of constancy are
explained briefly here:

1. Size Constancy
2.Shape Constancy
3. Color Constancy
1. Size Constancy:
• Size constancy is the tendency to perceive objects in a
consistent manner despite the changing sensations that are
received by our senses.
visual constancy plays an important role in helping us adapt to our
environment successfully.

• When we know that an object is of a certain size, we tend to

perceive it as being that same size, regardless of how far it is
from our eyes.

• In Size constancy ,the perceiver has the ability to judge true

or measured size, regardless of the distance involved.
2.Shape Constancy; When we know that the object
is a certain shape ,we tend to perceive it as the
same shape, regardless of the viewing angle. We
have learned to make corrections in our
perception dependent on the angle from which
we observe.

3.Color Constancy; Colors of objects tend to remain

constant in perception when we know their true
color.
The ability to view the world in three
dimensions and to perceive distance is known
as depth perception.
"This ability helps to perceive three-dimensional
space and to accurately judge distance
When you ride in a moving vehicle and look out
the side window, the objects you see outside
appear to be moving in the opposite
direction.
Objects very far away, such as the moon and
the sun, appear to move in the same
direction as the viewer
• Perception of Movement; Movement or Motion is
perceived by following the progressive change of an
object’s position in space with time. It has two types.

1.Real Movement;
2. Apparent Movement;
• We perceive time in , seconds, minutes, and
hours which pass into days weeks months
and in years and even in centuries. Time is
perceived in terms of Past, Present, and
Future
• Perception of time is less in children than
elders
• Several factors influence time perception:
1. Subjective (age, activity, motivation,
intelligence )
2. Objective