HUMAN BEHAVIOR .

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Learning Outcomes

Psychology .brief review Definitions ,.

-Understanding goals of psychology
- Human Psychology The Goals

-Major Trends in Development of

Psychology
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Lecture Discussion Topics

Introduction to & Definitions of Psychology

-Understanding goals of psychology
Relevance to business management
-Development of Psychology
-Major Trends ,
-Biological Basis of Behavior
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Learning outcomes
The students will learn about the history of ‘psychology; as well as
the different perspectives interpretations regarding , Its origin .and its
applications besides the scholarly definitions and areas of study.

The study of psychology as a scholarly discipline ,from the “clinical “ and

“biological” point of view & aspects and understand its impact on the human
beings
Psychology provides tools to help us gain insight into our own behavior, as
well as our relationships with others.
The use of Psychology ,as a scientific method to a ‘problem-solving tool’.
teaches to think critically by encouraging’ open-mindedness,’ ‘intellectual
curiosity,’ and ‘evaluation of reasons’. Its guidance towards critically
thinking and objectivity when applying principles to issues, people, and
problems

.
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“ Psychology “
“ Definitions”
What is “ Psychology” ?
“Psychology is the’ scientific study of human behavior’ that is tested
through scientific research.”
‘ Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior, It is the study of
the mind, how it works, and how it affects behavior.’

-American Psychology Association

Psychology is the study of
The mental characteristics or attitude of a person or a group.
The mental factors governing a situation or activity.
“Psychology is a study of interpersonal relationships.
Psychologists and psychiatrists work together to help people
with mental health conditions
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“Psychology”
Elaborated
.
What explains Psychology
“General definition “

May refer to the” profession,” referred as Clinical psychology;

“Scholarly discipline,”
This refers to academic or educational psychology; or the Scientific pursuit,
involving research psychology.
“Natural science,”
This relates psychology with biological explanations for
human behavior. the social and biological aspects of human behavior to
gain insight into ones life and the lives of those around you
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“Psychology” Evolution Historical view

Our understanding of how the brain gives birth to the mind
has come a long way.
The Greek physician Hippocrates
correctly located the mind in the brain.
Philosopher Aristotle, believed the
mind was in the heart, which pumps warmth and vitality to
the body.
The heart remains our symbol for love, but science has
long since overtaken philosophy on this issue:
It’s the” brain”, not heart, that
falls in love.
In the early 1800s, German physician Franz
Gall proposed that “phrenology” ,the study of ‘bumps on
the skull’, could reveal a person’s underlying brain size and
associated mental abilities and character traits . ..
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“Psychology” The Evolution
Although its initial popularity faded, the “science” of ‘phrenology’ remains
known today as a reminder of an important need for
‘critical thinking’ and ‘scientific analysis’.
Phrenology did at least succeed in focusing attention on the localization
of function—the idea that various brain regions have particular functions.
Today, we are living in a time when “ biological psychologists”
use advanced technologies to study the links between biological
(genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.
The researchers working from a biological perspective are
announcing discoveries about the “interplay of our biology” and
“our behavior” and “mind” .
The researchers seeking to understand the biology of the mind
have discovered that
“Our adaptive brain is wired by our experiences”
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Trends in Development of Psychology

“ Major Trends “
Psychologists' Skills” Are in Great Demand –
- Healing the Political Divide.
- Social Media’s Increasing Impact.
-The Fight Against Racism Must Continue.
- Psychology Research Is Front and Center.
- Mental Health Apps Are Gaining Traction.
-The National Mental Health Crisis.
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Trends in Development of Psychology
“ Major Trends
What refers to “Trends. “
Trends refer to various techniques designed
to uncover systematic patterns (trends) in a set of’ variables’,
- Healing the Political Divide.
- Social Media’s Increasing Impact.
-The Fight Against Racism Must Continue.
- Psychology Research Is Front and Center.
- Mental Health Apps Are Gaining Traction.
- Psychologists' Skills Are in Great Demand.
-The National Mental Health Crisis.
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“ Goals of Psychology “
“Social & Natural sciences”,
Psychology is connected to both ,the “social sciences”
besides history or” economics,” and the “natural / biological
sciences”, biology and chemistry.
-As a Social science,
Psychology explores the Influences of “society “on

-Individual behavior & -Group relationships.

As a natural science,
Psychology looks for biological explanations for
human behavior.
The social and biological aspects of human behavior
are focused to gain insight into individual and groups around .
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“Major Goals “of Psychology
“Social & Natural sciences”
The four primary goals of Human psychology study are To
- “Understand ”
- “Describe,
- “Explain,”
- “Predict”,
The aim is to ‘Influence’ ,’control’ and change individual
and collective behavior. .
In many ways, these objectives are similar to the kinds
of activities/ things you probably do every day while
interacting with others.
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“ Psychology “
” Application” & Outcomes”

The importance of and the expectations from this introduction

to psychology can be summarized as
“One may learn more about himself ,and much more about
others”.
This will explain it relevance with human behavior.
Psychologists attempt to explain and predict why people
“behave, feel, and think as they do in a particular
environment”.
They attempt to learn ways in which people can improve
individual and collective quality of life .severally.
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“ Cognitive “Psychology”

What refers to ‘Cognitive psychology’?

Cognitive psychology can be defined as :-
The study of individual-level mental processes namely :-
- “Information & processing,”
- “Attention,”
- “Language “use,
- “Memory,”
- “Perception,”
- “Problem solving”,
- “Decision-making”, and thinking

(Gerrig and Zimbardo 2002)

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“ Cognitive “Psychology”

What refers to ‘Cognitive psychology’

The ‘cognitive branch of psychology that explores the
operation of mental processes related to
- ‘Perceiving,
- Attending,
- Thinking, language, and
- Memory”,
These are mainly through inferences from behavior.
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“ Cognitive “Psychology”

What is “ Meta Cognition “

“Meta cognition “refers to the knowledge and regulation of
one's own cognitive processes, which has been regarded as
a critical component of creative thinking.
Most individuals /students are already meta cognitive, or
aware of their thoughts and thinking about them, from time
to time.
Examples of this can be planning a trip, studying for a test
in a quiet space, and checking in on their
understanding of something while they read.
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“ Human Psychology “:

Science of ” Mind “and “Human behavior”.

Psychology is the” scientific study” of mind and behavior.

which affect how people think, act, and feel.

It encompasses the following;

- Biological influences,

- Social pressures,

- Environmental factors

Psychology is a “multifaceted discipline” and includes

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“Human Psychology”
“ Goals “
“Connect” & “Engage”
Psychology is connected to both the social sciences ,such as history
or economics, and the natural sciences, such as biology and
chemistry.
As a social science, psychology explores the influences of society on
individual behavior and group relationships.

As a natural science, psychology looks for biological

explanations for human behavior..
Psychology provides students with a comprehensive and powerful learning
framework to help them Connect, and Engage,.
Psychology provides tools to help us gain insight into our own
behavior, as well as our relationships with others.
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“Major Goals “
“ Gaining Insight Into Human Behavior “
Psychology can provide
“Useful insight “into “Human behaviors”

Psychologists study human behavior which can help

in concluding solutions , enabling organizations to
make policies /strategize ,decisions for growth :-
One of the major goals of human psychology is to adopt
a systematic way of dispensing
“Rewards and Awards” in a
Business organization/ environment
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“Major Goals of Psychology “

“Projects, and Problem Solving “
The major goals of psychology which relate to Understanding, Describe,
Explain, , Predict and Influence and control/ change behavior. as cited
earlier namely relate to
Policy making strategizing , & Problem Solving “ are the

major objectives before business organizations , to solve problems through

individual research or group discussions
whether they are the organizational Projects or other activities .

Solving problems involves a series of processes including

- Analyzing the problem,
- Breaking it into component parts and
- Establishing goals
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Major “Goals of Psychology”

“Projects, and Problem Solving “

The steps involved in problem solving :

- Identifying the problem.

- Brainstorming possible solutions. •
- Evaluating the proposed solutions. •

- Choosing to implement the best solution.&

- Review the success of the solution.
In many ways, the steps are similar to the procedure
kinds adopted in ones day to day activities ,while
interacting with other stakeholders .
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“Humans” act & “Interact”

“ Personality types “
The scientific method of analyzing human behavior is based on and
influenced by several factors, such as genetic make-up,” culture and
individual “traits, values and attitudes”
Psychology can provide useful insight into
behaviors and lead to a systematic way of dispensing rewards and
punishments in a particular environment (organizations)
The scientific method consists
of five steps that help to integrate theory and research, as well as
compare empirical factual, data with common sense ideas.
A study on human behavior has revealed that 90% of the
population can be classified into four basic personality types
-The ‘Optimistic’,
The ‘Pessimistic’,
‘Trusting ‘and ‘Envious.’
.
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“ Development “of Psychology

Culture defines three kinds of possible behaviors: in
a demographic environment
“ Human error,”
“ At-risk behavior,” and
“ Reckless behavior.”
. “ Human behavior “as & when observed under scientific
research is a complex interplay of the following three
components:
- ”Actions,”
- “Cognition,” &
.
- “Emotions.”
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“ Human Behavior in Organizations”

“Organizational /Behavioral “
Human Behavior in Organizations is primarily concerned
with the application of the following methods to identify
practical problems of organizations and employees and
workgroups around the world.

The Principles applied include :-

-The Research methods in vogue

- The Intervention strategies

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“ Human Behavior in Organizations”

“Social psychology “
What refers to ‘Social psychology ‘?
‘Social psychology can be explained/,elaborated as :-
“The study of How individual or” group
behaviors “ are influenced by the presence of and “behavior
of others”.
“ Social psychology” also refers to The scientific study
of how people's:-
“Thoughts” “Feelings, Beliefs, Intentions “ “Goals”

are constructed within a “social context” by the “actual or

imagined” interactions with others.
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“Social psychology “
What refers to “Social psychology “
Social psychologists primarily focuses on “societal
concerns” which have a powerful influence on individual
well-being as well as the health of society as a whole,
The study includes efforts to “address problems” such as

-Crime,
-Prejudice,
-Domestic abuse,
-Public health,
-Bullying, and
-Aggression
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“ Human Behavior in Organizations”
The “Cognitive basis ”
Behavior can be understood from different bases (approaches).

Among these include

- Behaviorist,
- Cognitive,
- Psychodynamic,
- Humanistic and -
Biological approaches
The behavioral approach assumes that behavior is created
or modified by environmental factors, irrespective of the mind
Vice versa,
Understanding behavior from a cognitive basis involves the
consideration of internal events (mediators) between a
stimulus and behavior.
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Human behavior in organizations

The “Biological basis
“Human Behavior is shaped by internal mental processes.
On the contrary, it focuses on the motivation of behavior
(intentionality).

Contrary to the biological approach, these internal events

are conceptual rather than physiological
(Gardner, 2008).
Similarly, the psychodynamic approach assumes that
such motivation influences personality and thereby influences
behavior

(Glassman, Glassman and Hadad, 2008).

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Human behavior in organizations
“ Motivation “
What is Motivation ?,
Motivation is the process of stimulating people to actions to
accomplish the goals. The word is derived from the word
'motive' which means needs, desires, wants or drives within
the individuals. In the work goal context the psychological
factors stimulating the ‘human behavior
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains
goal-oriented behaviors.
It is what causes one to act, whether it is getting a glass of
water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge.
Motivation involves the biological, emotional, social, and
cognitive forces that activate behavior.
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“ Motivates“
Definitions and Types

“ Primary & Secondary “

General motivation Is a physiological desire fueled by specific internal or
external rewards or incentives. There are many variations of motivation
best for different situations, but all motivational-types are comprised of
three similar components . in psychology, an urgent basic need pressing for
satisfaction, usually rooted in some physiological tension, deficiency, or
imbalance …
Primary Motives are often categorized into primary, or basic, motives,
Primary motives are instinctive “unlearned” and common to both animals
and humans;
Primary motives are thought to include hunger, thirst, sex, avoidance of
pain, and perhaps aggression…
Secondary, motives or” learned”, motives, which can differ from person
to person.
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““ Motivates “
The broad types ,categories Components
The common Forms ,Types of Motivation are :-
Extrinsic,. motivation:
Extrinsic motivation is external. It occurs when external factors
compel the person to do something.
Intrinsic, motivation-
Intrinsic motivation is internal. It occurs when
people are compelled to do something out of pleasure,
importance or desire
Identified, Introjected.
The three major components to motivation are:-
Activation, Persistence and Intensity.
Activation involves the decision to
initiate a behavior, such as enrolling in a psychology class.
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“The Biological basis of “ Motivation

The Biological, Psychological, Computational and clinical

approaches are aimed to understand the human
“Nervous system” as the biological basis of human
behavior The Biological Basis of Behavior Program (BBB) is
an interdisciplinary major where in students explore,
observe the following phenomenon among humans
-Motivation,
-Perception,
-Memory,
-Emotion.
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“ Biological basis of human behavior”

Motivation
“ Motivation” influences personality and thereby
influences behavior
(Glassman, Glassman and Hadad, ).

From a “humanistic perspective”, behavior is understood from an

individual’s subjective experiences ,

A free will of individuals to behave which is not influenced by immediate

or past stimuli
(the capacity of choice)
and the value individuals place on their experiences and actions
(the role /
meaning)
(Fernald, 2008).
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Theories of Motivation
The common,, theoretical .propositions
Psychologists have proposed different theories which can
motivate ,individuals ,namely which include
-The “ Drive” theory,
-The” Instinct “theory, and
-The “ Humanistic theory
- The Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Practical reality is that there are many forces ,factors that

guide and direct “ motivates “
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The “Content Theories “ of Motivation

The following theories are referred to as Content Theories
of Motivation .which are focused to determine what
motivates people and addressed specific factors like
individual needs and goals. .

- Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs,

- Alderfer's ERG theory,
- McClelland's achievement theory,
- Herzberg's two-factor theory
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“ Perception “

-The Attentional Processes

- Organizational Processes in Perception
- Identification and Recognition Process
- Memory
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Attentional Processes “
“ Perception “ - Vision, - Cognition.

Visual attention-related processes include the following

three functional sub-processes:
“Alerting”,
To warn someone of a possibly dangerous situation: .
” Orienting,”
To “ align “or “position” tailor or “adapt”
“ Inhibition “
A feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to
act in a relaxed and natural way.
.
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“ Perception “
What does “perception “mean
Perception is the sensory experience of the world.
It involves both recognizing “environmental stimuli” and
actions in response to these stimuli
Perception is awareness, comprehension or ‘understanding
of something.
An example of perception is knowing when to try a different
technique with a student to increase their learning. -
The Attentional Processes include
-Organizational Processes in Perception
-Identification and Recognition Process
-Memory
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-Attentional Processes
“ Perception “
Attention is commonly treated as a unitary process ,attention is
more likely a collection of task-related but separable operations.
The Three components of attention are
- Set,
- Selection, and
- Movement
These are identified and defined within the context of a
computationally explicit model of eye movements during visual
search. -
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Attentional Processes
“ Perception “
Broadly, the attention process can be described as selective
concentration on salient environmental features while
ignoring other aspects.
Attention is thus the behavioral and cognitive process of
selectively concentrating on a discrete stimulus while
ignoring other perceivable stimuli. ...
Attention comes into play in many psychological topics,
including
-Memory (this refers to stimuli that are more attended to are
better remembered),
- Vision, and - Cognition.
.
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“ Perception “
Organizational Processes in Perception
The perceptual process consists of the following steps:
- The presence of objects,
-Observation,
- Selection,
- Organization,
- Interpretation, and
- Response.
Perceptual selection is driven by internal (personality,
motivation ) and external (contrast, repetition) factors.
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“ Perception “
Organizational Processes in Perception
Organization of Perception

The process of grouping visual elements together

(organization) so that one can more readily determine the
meaning of the visual as a whole (perception
“Organizing” is the second part of the perception process,
in which we sort and categorize information that we
perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns.
Three ways we sort things into patterns are by using proximity,
similarity, and difference
(Coren, 1980).
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Identification and Recognition Process
-Memory- & Memory Types
Memory can be explained as
”The process of taking in information from the environment ,world
around us, processing it, storing it and later recalling that
information, sometimes many years later.”
The Human memory is often likened to that of a computer memory
system or a filing cabinet.
The three major classifications of memory that the scientific
community deals with today are :
- Sensory memory,
- Short-term memory, and

- Long-term memory.
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Identification and Recognition Process “
-Memory-Processes
What refers to Memory Processes
Memory also refers to the processes that are used to
-Acquire, -Store, -Retain, and later
- Retrieve the same information.
The Stages of Memory process :
-“Encoding”, - “Storage,” and - “Retrieval”.
Why do we forget
This is due to a phenomenon known as” interference.
Some memories compete and interfere with other memories.
When information is very similar to other information that was
previously stored in memory, interference is more likely to
occur.
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Identification and Recognition Process “
Matching -
The process of pattern recognition involves
“Matching the information received with the information
already stored in the brain.
Making the connection between memories and information
perceived is a step of pattern recognition called
identification.
Pattern recognition requires repetition of experience.
Object recognition consists of recognizing, identifying,
and locating objects within a picture with a given
degree of confidence.
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Theories of “ Emotion”

Different theories exist regarding how and why people

experience” emotion.”
These include the following evolutionary theories,
,
-The Schacter and Singer's two-factor theory, also grouped
under cognitive appraisal.
-The Cannon-Bard theory,
-The James-Lange theory,
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“ Emotion”
The Theories of emotion
The two most well-known cognitive theories are
The Two-factor Theory .
The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, also known as
the Two-factor theory of emotion, states that
-”Emotions are a product of both physiological and
cognitive processes”.
According to this theory, the stimulus leads to the arousal
that is labeled using the cognition that leads to the
emotion..
The cognitive-mediational theory .
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Thank You
Discussion
Q/A
.