Mathematics-I

GTU#(3110014)

Unit-2
Sequence and
Series

Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala

Humanities & Science
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
dhvanik.zala@darshan.ac.in
8238588865
 OUTLINE
Sequence
Increasing and Decreasing
Sequence
The Sandwich Theorem OR Squeeze
Theorem
Convergent, Divergent and Oscillating
Sequence
Sequence
Sequence

Sequence

A sequence is a set of numbers in a specific order.

It is denoted by OR OR OR .
It is written as .
term of
term of term of term of

Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 4

Sequence
Example
s
( 𝟏 ) . 2 , 4 , 6 ,8 , … ¿ {2 n } ( 𝟑 ) . 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , … ¿ { n }
∞
1

( 𝟐 ) . 1, 3 , 5 , 7 , … ¿ ( 2 n −1 ) ( 𝟒 ) .2,7,12,17,… ¿ {5 n− 3 } n ≥ 1

{ } 1 2 3
∞
n ¿ , , ,…¿ 1 2 3
( 𝟓) . , , ,…
n+ 1 n=1 1 +1 2+1 3+1 2 3 4

{ }
❑
1
( 𝟔) . n 1 1 1
¿ 3 , 4 , 5 ,…
4 n≥ 3
4 4 4

Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 5

Increasing and Decreasing Sequence
Sequence

Increasing 𝐚 𝐧 − 𝐚 𝐧 +𝟏 ≤ 𝟎 , ∀ 𝐧 ∈ ℕ
Sequence
A sequence is said to be an increasing sequence if

Example
( 𝟏 ) . 1, 3 , 5 , 7 , …
s
a 1=1
a 2= 3 Clearly,a 1 ≤ a2 ≤ a3 ≤ a 4 …
a 3= 5 Hence, given sequence is increasing.
a 4 =7
⋮
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 7
Sequence 𝐚 𝐧 − 𝐚 𝐧 +𝟏 ≤ 𝟎 , ∀ 𝐧 ∈ ℕ
1 2 3 4
{ }
∞
( 𝟐 ) . , , , …¿ n ¿ {a
∞

2 3 4 5
}
n n=1
n+1 n=1

n n+1
Here a n= ⟹ a n+1 =
n +1 n+2
, 2 2
n +2 n − n −2 n −1
Now a n −a n+1 ¿
( n+1 ) ( n+2 )
,
n n+1 −1
¿ − ¿
( n+1 ) ( n+ 2 )
≤ 0as
n+1 n+2

n ( n+ 2 ) − ( n+1 )
2 ⟹ a n − a n+1 ≤ 0 , ∀ n ∈ ℕ .
¿
( n+1 ) ( n+2 ) Hence, given sequence is increasing.
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 8
Sequence

Decreasing 𝐚 𝐧 − 𝐚 𝐧 +𝟏 ≥ 𝟎, ∀ 𝐧 ∈ ℕ
Sequence
A sequence is said to be a decreasing sequence if

Example
( 𝟏 ) . −1 ,− 3 , −5 , −7 ,…
s
Here a 1=− 1
, a 2=− 3 Clearly,a 1 ≥ a2 ≥ a3 ≥ a 4 …
a 3=−5 Hence, given sequence is decreasing.
a 4 =−7
⋮
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 9
Sequence 𝐚 𝐧 − 𝐚 𝐧 +𝟏 ≥ 𝟎, ∀ 𝐧 ∈ ℕ

{ }
∞
n 1 2 3 4
( 𝟐) . ¿ , , , …¿ { an }∞
n 2+1 n=1 2 5 10 17 n=1

n n+1 n +1
Here a n= 2 ⟹ a n+1 = 2
¿ 2
n +1 ( n+1 ) +2 n +2 n +3
,
Nowa n −a n+1 3 2
n + 2 n +3 n − n −n − n− 1
3 2

, ¿
n n+1 ( n+1 ) ( n+ 2 )
¿ 2 − 2 2
n +1 n +2 n+ 3 n + 2 n− 1
¿
( n+1 ) ( n+ 2 )
≥ 0 as
2
n ( n+ 2 ) − ( n+1 ) ⟹ a n − a n+1 ≥ 0 , ∀ n ∈ ℕ .
¿
( n+1 ) ( n+2 )
Hence, given sequence is decreasing.
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 10
The Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze
Theorem
Sequence

The Sandwich Theorem OR Squeeze

Theorem
Let be the sequence of real numbers.
If and
,
then lim 𝐛𝐧 =¿ 𝐋 . ¿
n→∞

sin n
Examples ( 𝟏 ) . lim =?
n →∞ n
We know −1 ≤ sin n ≤ 1 , ∀ n∈ ℕ
that
1 sin n 1
⟹− ≤ ≤ , ∀ n ∈ℕ
n n n
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 12
Sandwich Theorem
1 sin n 1
⟹− ≤ ≤ , ∀ n ∈ℕ
n n n
1 1 1
Now lim − n¿ − lim n¿ 0¿ lim n¿ 0
n→∞ n →∞ n→∞
,
sin n
Hence, by sandwich lim =0.
n→∞ n
theorem,
n
(− 1 )
( 𝟐 ) . lim n
=?
n →∞ 3
n
We know −1 ≤ ( −1 ) ≤ 1 , ∀ n ∈ ℕ
that
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 13
Sandwich Theorem
n
We know −1 ≤ ( −1 ) ≤ 1 , ∀ n ∈ ℕ
that n
1 ( −1) 1
⟹− n ≤ n
≤ n , ∀ n ∈ℕ
3 3 3
1 1 1
Now lim − n ¿ − lim n ¿ 0¿ lim n¿ 0
n→∞ 3 n →∞ 3 n→∞ 3
,
n
( −1)
Hence, by sandwich lim n
=0 .
n→∞ 3
theorem,

Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 14

Convergent, Divergent and
Oscillating Sequence
Sequence

Convergent
Sequence
A sequence is said to be convergent if lim an =L ,
n→∞
where is term of given sequence and ‘’ is any finite number.
Exampl
e { }
𝟏
𝐧
1 1 1
¿1, , , ,…
2 3 4
1
L=lim a n¿ lim ¿ 0
n→∞ n→∞ n
0…1 1 1 1 1
is finite. 54 3 2
Hence, given sequence is
convergent.
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 16
Sequence

Divergent
Sequence
A sequence is said to be divergent if lim an =± ∞ ,
n→∞
where is term of given sequence.
Exampl
e
{ 𝐧 }¿1 , 4 , 9 ,16 , …
𝟐

L=lim a n¿ lim n2¿ ∞

n→∞ n→∞

is infinite. 1 4 9 16 …
Hence, given sequence is divergent.
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 17
Sequence

Oscillating
Sequence
A sequence which is neither convergent nor divergent is said to be an
oscillating sequence.

Example ( 𝟏 ) . {𝟒 − ( −𝟏 ) ¿3
} ,5 , 3 , 5 , 3 , 5 , …
𝐧

L=lim a n¿ lim { 4 − ( − 1 )n } Hence, given sequence is

n→∞ n→∞

¿¿
Finitely oscillate between
4 −1¿ 3 , if is even
4 − ( − 1¿) 5 ,if is odd
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 18
Sequence

Oscillating
Sequence
A sequence which is neither convergent nor divergent is said to be an
oscillating sequence.

Example ( 𝟐 ) . {( −𝟏 )𝐧 𝐧¿−1,1,−
𝟐
} 4 ,4 ,− 9,9,…
The given sequence is neither diverges to and to
Therefore, the given sequence oscillate
infinitely.

Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 19

Method:2 Convergence of Sequence

{ }
2
Example: n +1
Check the convergence ( 1 ) .
1 2 n
2
−1
of

{ }
2
n +1 1+ 0 1
Solution: Herea n= 2 ¿ ∵ lim =0
, 2 n −1 2 −0 n→ ∞ n

n +1
2
1
Nowlim ¿
2 2
, n→∞ 2 n −1
Thus, the given sequence

¿ lim
n
2
( )
1
1+ 2
n converges to 0.5
n→∞
n
2
( n)
2−
1
2

Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 20

Method:2 Convergence of Sequence
Example:
Check the convergence ( 2 ) . { 4 }
n +1
1
of n+ 1
Solution: Here a n= 4
,
Nowlim 4 n+1
, n→∞
n
¿ lim 4 ∙ 4
n→∞

¿ 4 lim 4
n→∞
¿∞
n

Thus, the given sequence is diverges to

Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 21

Method:2 Convergence of Sequence
Example:
2 Define the convergence of a sequence and verify whether the

( )
n
n+1
sequence whose term is a n= converges or not?
n −1
Solution:

Convergent
Sequence
A sequence is said to be convergent if lim an =L ,
n→∞
where is term of given sequence and ‘’ is any finite number.

Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 22

Method:2 Example:2(Continue)
Example:
2 Define the convergence of a sequence and verify whether the

( )
n
n+1
sequence whose term is a n= converges or not?
n −1
( )
n
1

( )
n n
n+1 n 1+
n
Solution: Herea n= ¿ lim
n −1
( n)
n
, n→∞ n 1
n 1 −

( )
n
n +1
( )
n
1
Nowlim 1+
n
, n → ∞ n −1 ¿ lim
( )
n
n→∞ 1
1−
n
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 23
Method:2 Example:2(Continue)

( )
n
1 1
1+
n e
¿ lim ¿e
−1

( )
n
n→∞ 1
1−
n 2
¿e
lim ( 1 + )
n
1
n→∞ n
¿
lim ( 1 − )
n
1
n→∞ n

(
)
n
x x
We know lim 1+ =e
n→∞ n
that,
¿ lim ( 1 − ) =e
n
x −x

n→∞ n
Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 2 – Sequence and Series 24
 Mathematics-I
GTU#(3110014)

Than
k
You

Prof. Dhvanik H. Zala

Humanities & Science
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
dhvanik.zala@darshan.ac.in
8238588865