Discipline of SOcial science in

relation with Popular culture

ANTHROPOLOGY
and
SOCIOLOGY
SOCIAL DISCIPLINE
SOCIOLOGY
- concentrates on human
interaction in the SOCIETY.

ANTHROPOLOGY
- focus on
CULTURE.
Philippines during
Pre-Spanish Era
 A.Cummunity Structure

 Early Filipino communities were found mostly

along the bays, coasts and mouths of big
rivers;
Houses were built in either a circular or linear
arrangement;
 Area for settlement were chosen on the basis of the ff:

 Economic Opportunities
 Land use
 Strategic location
B. Social Organization
Familiy – smallest unit of society

3 Social Classes:
1.Maharlika – “nobility”
– composed of the datu ( chieftain ), his
family, relatives and elders; they are given
the little gat or lakan;
2. Timawa – “freeman” – composed of
freeman and likewise of slaves/dependents
who had gain their freedom;

3. Alipin – “slaves/dependents” – acquire

their status by birth, inability to pay debts,
purchase punishment for crimes or cativity in
war.
 2 Kinds of Alipin
 Aliping namamahay – enjoyed
certain privelleges, such as the right
to own property, and the right to
work for any master,
 Aliping saguiguilid – did not enjoy
any right and freedom at all.
C. Political Organization

Barangay – unit of government; varied in

population from 30 to 100 families; each
barangay was independent of others.
 Datu – Head of the barangay and was the chief
executive, legislator, judge and military
commander
 Laws – oral and written: oral laws – customs
and traditions which were handed down
through the generations; written laws –
promulgated by the datu and the council of
elders (lallakay/ginoo)
 Umalohokan – town crier
– announced the laws to
the people.
 Punishment for serious crimes
consist of death, slavery or heavy fines;
minor crimes were punished with exposure
to ants, long hours of swimming, whipping
or fines.
D. Religion

 Charecterized by animism – beliefs in

spirits, called anitos/diwatas
 They also performed ceremoies or rituals to
honor their gods
Babaylan or Katalonan
– priests or priestesses.
The early Filipinos
- also believed in an afterlife, or
heaven and hell:
Heaven - Kaluwalhatian (Tagalog) or
ologan (Visayans)

Hell - ­Kasamaan (Tagalog) or solod

(Visayans)
Worshipped or believed in a Supreme Being
and a number of Lesser gods;
 E.g. Supreme Being –
Bathala (Tagalog)
Abba (Cebuano’s)
Kabuyan (ifugaos)
Laon (Visayans)
 Lesser gods include:
 Idianale (Goddess of agriculture)
 Sidapa (Visayan God of death)
 Apolaki (Pangasinense war-God)
 Dallang (Ilocano Goddess of beauty)
 Malyari (Zambal God of strength)
 Sisiburannen (Visayan God of evil)
 Hayo (God of the sea)
 Dian Masalanta (God of love of the
Tagalogs)
E.Burial and Mourning Customs
 The body of the dead person is
preserved and usually kept inside
the house, a cave, or in place
facing the sea;

 Jars were also used as the resting

place of early Filipinos, e.g
Manunggul jar
 Mourning – relatives of the dead – wore
white clothing;

 Burial – clothes, food, jewelry,

household articles, weapons and even
slaves wre buried with the dead man to
accompany him to the next world;
Larao
– special mourning rites
given to a dead datu; during
which, all wars and activities in the
barangay had to stop.
 f. Marriage Customs

The practice then, as now ( in

some remote areas ), is for a man
to serve the girl’s parents for
months or even years.
Tradition also dedicate that the
man must also give to the girl’s
parents some form of a “bribe”.
Dowry – bigaykaya – consists of land,
gold, or dependents;

Panghimuyat – a certain amount of

money, as payment for the mother’s
nocturnal efforts in regarding in rearing
the girls to womanhood;
 Bigay – suso – given to the girl’s wet-
nurse who fed the bribe during her
infancy with milk from her breast;
 Himaraw – a sum of money, as a
reimbursement for the amount spent in
feeding the girl during her infancy;
 G. Mode of Dressing/Clothing

 Men – consisted of a collarless, short-

sleeved jacket (Kangan) and a strip of
cloth wrapped around the waist and
between the legs (Bahag);
 Women – blouse with big sleeves (Baro)
and a loose skirt (Saya or Patadyong). A
Tapis (piece of colored cloth) was wrapped
around the waist.
 Putong – Headdress worn by men;
 Salakot – A wide brimmed hat worn when
walking under the sun or rain;
 Women adorned themselves with various types
of jewellery made of gold, silver, pearls, beads
and other precious stones;
 Gold was also used as fillings between the teeth.
 Tattoo – was also popular – symbolizes beauty
and bravery.
 Visayans – were the tattooed people – Pintados
(Painted ones).
H. Food
o Rice – staple food; cooked in clay pots, bamboo
tubes or banana leaves;
o Drinking wine was a favourite pastime:
E.g. – tuba (coconut palm extract); basi (Ilocano
wine distilled from sugarcane); pangasi (Visayan
rice-wine); lambanog (Tagalog wine); tapoy (Igorot
rice-wine).
 PHILIPPINE
CULTURE and
values
 Strong Faith in God
 Patience and Sacrifice
 Hospitality
 Flexibility/Adaptability
 Ingenuity and Creativity
 Fairness and Justice
 Readiness to share and Help
 “Bahala Na”
 “Ningas Kugon”
 Relationship “Pakikisama”
 Indebtedness “Utang na Loob”
 Lack of Self-Confidence “Hiya”
 Colonial Mentality
 “Mamaya Na” or “Bukas Na Lang” Habit
 Crab Mentality
 “Patigasan”
 “Kanya Kanya”
 Filipino Time
The ENd