• With the rise in temperature, the viscosity of

liquids decreases
Variaiton of • (K.E increases, cohesion decreases)
• The viscosity of gases increases with the rise of
viscosity of temperature
fluids • (Diffusion increases, viscosity increases)
• Viscosity of liquids increases with increase in
pressure
• (Except for water-for water there is decrease in
viscosity with increase in pressure)
• The viscosity of gases is independent of pressure
Terminal Velocity

• Terminal velocity of a body is defined as the constant maximum velocity

acquired by a body while falling through a viscous fluid.
• (the stage when the weight of the body equal to the sum of the upward
viscous force and the upward thrust due to buoyancy. At this stage , there
is no net force on the body.)
 • Streamline- Steady flow
• The flow of liquid in which each
element of the liquid passing
through a point travels along the
same path and with the same
velocity as the preceding element
passing through the same point.

• A group of streamlines is called a

tube of flow.

• Limiting value of velocity is called

critical velocity.

Streamline and turbulent

• Maximum possible velocity
possessed by a liquid in streamline
flow is called critical velocity

flow
• When the velocity of flow of liquid is less than the critical velocity of the
liquid, each layer of liquid slides over the other. This flow is called
laminar flow

Velocity profile is the surface obtained by joining the heads of the

velocity vectors for the particles in section of a flowing liquid.

Turbulent flow
The flow of liquid is said to be turbulent or disorderly if its velocity is
greater than its critical velocity.
Distinguish between
Streamline flow
The velocity of liquid is less
than the critical velocity
Viscosity plays a dominant
role
The flow is regular and
orderly
Turbulent flow
The velocity of liquid is
greater than critical velocity
Density plays a dominant
role
The flow is irregular and
disorderly.
REYNOLD’S NUMBER
REYNOLD’S NUMBER
Surface Tension
• The molecular forces between two molecules of a substance are called
intermolecular forces.
• Types of intermolecular forces
• Force of Cohesion: It is force of cohesion between the molecules of the same
substance. It is also known as cohesive force. The corresponding
phenomenon is called cohesion.
• Cohesion force in solids greater than in liquids and
• Greater in liquids than gases.
• Force of Adhesion: It is the force of attraction between the molecules of two
different substances. It is also known as adhesive force.The corresponding
phenomenon is called adhesion.
Think???
• Why water wets glass?

• Why mercury does not wet glass?

• Water wets glass because force of cohesion between water
molecules is less than the force of adhesion between water and glass
molecules

• Mercury does not wet glass because force of adhesion between

mercury and glass molecules is less than force of cohesion between
the mercury molecules.
Intermolecular binding energy
• The minimum energy required to separate two molecules from each
other’s influence is called intermolecular binding energy.

• Molecular range: It is the maximum distance up to which a molecule

can exert some appreciable force of attraction for another molecule.
It is the order of 10 -9 m in solids and liquids.

• Sphere of molecular influence or of molecular activity: It is a sphere

drawn around a particular molecule as centre and molecular range as
radius.
Surface Tension
• It is a property by virtue of which the free surface of liquid at rest
behaves like a stretched elastic membrane tending to contract to
possess minimum surface area.
• σ = F/l
• Unit is N/m
Surface Energy
The potential energy per unit area of the surface film is called the
surface energy.

Surface energy = Work done in increasing the surface area/ increase in

surface area.
 Relation between surface
energy and surface tension.
• Inward force = Surface tension x 2l
• Work done = Surface Tension x 2l x Δ x
• 2 l x Δ x is total increase in area of soap film on both sides
• Work done = Surface tension x increase in area
• Work done per unit area = Surface tension. (numerically equal)

• Unit of surface energy is J m -2

Textbook questions
A.W Questions

Question #59,51
• Two mercury droplets of radii 0.1 cm. and 0.2 cm. collapse into one
single drop. What amount of energy is released? The surface tension
of mercury T= 435.5 × 10–3 N m–1.
•
Question #49
• What is difference between viscosity and friction? What are the
similarities between viscosity and friction?
• SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FRICTION AND VISCOSITY
• Similarities:

• Both came in to play when ever there is relative motion.

• Both opposes relative motion.
• Both erase from intermolecular force.
• Both depend on the nature of surface.

• Difference:

• Viscous force depends on the velocity gradient and area of contact and frictional force independent of area of contact and relative
velocity.
• Viscosity of liquid decrease with increase in temperature, Where as friction independent of temperature.
• In friction heat is generated at the surface between the solids. When a fluid moves over a solid heat is generated within the fluid.
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