Presentation by

Group 4

Endocrine
System
Group members:-
Siddhi Joshi (22BOE10005)
Rama Gadre (22BOE10011)
Vrushali Darp (22BOE10015)
Anjali Bhamidipati (22BOE10033)
V L. Sharanya (22BOE10060)
Bhavya Kumari (22BOE10070)
Sharanya Basak (22BOE10079)
Introduction

The Endocrine System: Your Body's Chemical Orchestra

• Introducing the Maestro: Imagine your body as a magnificent orchestra, where every cell,
tissue, and organ plays a crucial role in the symphony of life. But who conducts this
intricate performance? Enter the endocrine system, your body's very own chemical
conductor, silently directing the show through a chorus of hormones.
• Hidden Harmony: Unlike the brassy trumpets and soaring strings of a traditional
orchestra, the endocrine system works its magic behind the scenes. Its instruments are
ductless glands, scattered throughout your body, from the pea-sized pituitary gland
nestled at the base of your brain to the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland in your neck.
These glands don't produce visible secretions, but instead, whisper their commands
through potent chemical messengers called hormones.
Introduction

• Hormones in Action: Think of hormones as musical notes, carried by the bloodstream to

specific target cells and tissues. Just like different notes trigger distinct emotions in a
composition, each hormone has a unique task. Some, like growth hormone, orchestrate
your physical growth, while others, like insulin, maintain the rhythm of your blood sugar
levels. Together, these tiny chemical messengers regulate a vast array of functions, from
your metabolism and mood to your sleep cycle and even your response to stress.
• A Delicate Balance: Maintaining the correct balance of hormones is essential for a healthy
and harmonious performance. When this balance is disrupted, even slightly, the
consequences can be devastating, leading to a range of medical conditions like diabetes,
thyroid disorders, and even certain cancers. Understanding how the endocrine system
works and the vital role it plays in your health is the first step to appreciating its complex
beauty and protecting its delicate balance.
Components of endocrine
glands
1. Cellular components: These are the individual
cells that make up the gland and are responsible for
the production and secretion of hormones.
• Endocrine cells: These are the primary hormone-
producing cells. They synthesize and package
hormones within organelles like the endoplasmic
reticulum and Golgi apparatus, releasing them
into the bloodstream or surrounding tissues
when needed.
• Stromal cells: These provide support and
structure to the gland. They include connective
tissue cells, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
2. Extracellular components: These are the non-cellular
elements within and surrounding the gland that contribute
to its function
• Basement membrane: A thin layer separating the
epithelial cells of the gland from the underlying
stroma. It helps regulate hormone release and maintain
tissue integrity.
• Blood vessels: Provide oxygen and nutrients to the gland
and carry away hormones for distribution throughout the
body.
• Lymphatic vessels: Play a role in removing waste products
and supporting the immune system within the gland.
• Connective tissue: Provides structural support and helps
organize the different cellular components of the gland
Function of Endocrine
glands:
Endocrine glands are specialized organs that produce and release hormones into the
bloodstream. These hormones act as messengers, regulating various physiological functions and
maintaining homeostasis in the body. Here are some of the key functions of major endocrine
glands:
Hypothalamus:
Releases regulatory hormones that control the pituitary gland.
Integrates nervous and endocrine system functions.
Pituitary Gland:
Often referred to as the "master gland" as it regulates other endocrine glands.
Produces hormones that control growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
Thyroid Gland:
Produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolism, energy production, and body
temperature.
Parathyroid Glands:
Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the
blood, influencing bone health.
Pineal Gland:
•Produces melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles (circadian rhythms).
•Adrenal Glands:
•Adrenal Cortex:
• Produces cortisol, which regulates metabolism and helps the body respond to stress.
• Produces aldosterone, which regulates electrolyte and fluid balance.
•Adrenal Medulla:
• Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, which prepare the body for the "fight or
flight" response.
•Pancreas:
•Islets of Langerhans within the pancreas produce insulin and glucagon.
•Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon raises them, helping regulate blood
sugar.
•Ovaries (in females):
• Produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle, pregnancy,
and secondary sexual characteristics.
•Testes (in males):
• Produce testosterone, which regulates sperm production, muscle mass, bone density,
and secondary sexual characteristics.
 Important glands , hormones and functions
Sr. GLAND HARMONES FUNCTIONS
No. NAME SECRETED
1 Hypothalamus CRH (corticotropin- Stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH , Plays a role in
releasing hormone) regulating thirst, hunger, sleep, and body temperature

2 Pituitary ACTH Stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol , Plays a

Gland (adrenocorticotropic role in regulating stress response
hormone)
TSH (thyroid- Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
stimulating hormone)
FSH (follicle- Regulate reproductive functions in both men and women
stimulating hormone)
and LH (luteinizing
hormone)

GH (growth hormone) Stimulate growth and development

Prolactin Stimulates milk production in women

Oxytocin Plays a role in childbirth, milk production, and bonding

Sr. No. GLAND NAME HARMONES SECRETED FUNCTIONS
3. Thyroid Gland T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 Regulate metabolism, growth, and development
(thyroxine)

Calcitonin Helps regulate calcium levels in the blood

4. Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Helps regulate calcium levels in the blood

5. Adrenal Glands Cortisol Regulates stress response, metabolism, and blood

pressure

Adrenaline (epinephrine) and Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) sugar levels during the fight-or-flight response

6. Pancreas Insulin Lowers blood sugar levels

Glucagon Raises blood sugar levels

7. Gonads (Ovaries and Estrogen, progesterone, Regulate reproductive functions and other bodily
Testicles) testosterone processes
 • Endocrine disorders are characterized with issues in glands
that produce hormones, affecting the body's hormonal
balance and various functions.
• Some common endocrine disorders consist of -
Diabetes: A group of conditions affecting insulin production or
utilization, leading to high blood sugar levels. Type 1 -
insufficient insulin production, Type 2 - insulin resistance.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder in
Endocrine women due to imbalances in reproductive hormones, leading
to irregular periods, infertility, and sometimes metabolic
Disorders issues.
Adrenal Disorders: Conditions like Cushing's syndrome (excess
cortisol production) or Addison's disease (adrenal
insufficiency) affect hormone production by the adrenal
glands, influencing stress response and metabolism.
Thyroid Disorders: Conditions such as hypothyroidism
(underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
impact metabolism, energy levels, and body temperature
regulation.
• Causes of Endocrine Disorders:
Genetic Factors: Inherited gene mutations can predispose individuals to certain endocrine disorders.
Environmental Factors: Toxins, radiation, or specific medications can trigger or exacerbate endocrine issues.
Autoimmune Diseases: Immune system attacks on endocrine tissues disrupt hormone production.
Tumours: Non-cancerous or cancerous growths in endocrine glands affect hormone levels.
Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, inactivity, and chronic stress contribute to some endocrine disorders.
• Effects of Endocrine Disorders:
Metabolic Imbalances: Diabetes, thyroid problems alter metabolism, causing weight changes and fatigue.
Reproductive Issues: Hormonal imbalances impact fertility, menstrual cycles, and sexual function.
Growth and Development: Endocrine disorders can affect growth patterns in children and adolescents.
Cardiovascular Complications: High blood pressure, cholesterol imbalances elevate heart disease risk.
Psychological Effects: Depression, anxiety may arise, especially with disorders affecting thyroid function.
 • Based on binding of hormone on their specific receptor,
the mechanism of hormonal action is categorized into two
groups, i.e.

1. Fixed membrane receptor mechanism :

- Receptors are located ON the cell surface

Mechanism - Water soluble hormones, hence, cannot pass

through the lipid membrane
of Hormone - Growth hormone, Oxytocin, Insulin etc.

Action 2. Mobile receptor mechanism :

- Receptors are located IN the cell's cytoplasm
- Lipid soluble hormones, like fatty acids and
steroids are some examples.
- Some hormones have receptors inside the
nucleus [ testosterone, estrogen, cortisol etc.]
• Steps of Hormonal Signalling

• Biosynthesis of a particular hormone in a particular

tissue.
• Storage and secretion of the hormone.
• Transport of the hormone to the target cells, tissues,
or organs.
• Recognition of the hormone by an associated cell
membrane or an intracellular receptor protein.
• Relay and amplification of the received hormonal
signal via a signal transduction process.
• Potential feedback to a hormone-producing cell.
 • Insulin Pumps: For individuals with diabetes, insulin pumps are
devices that deliver insulin continuously throughout the day,
mimicking the function of a healthy pancreas.

Some Ways • Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy: Patients with

to cure hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) often take synthetic
thyroid hormone medication to balance their hormone levels.
Endocrine
• Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs): These devices help
Disorders individuals with diabetes monitor their blood sugar levels
continuously, providing real-time data to manage insulin
dosages and lifestyle adjustments.
 • Adrenal Hormone Replacement: In conditions like Addison's disease,
where the adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones,
replacement therapy with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids is
used.
Some Ways
to cure • Radioactive Iodine Therapy: This treatment is sometimes used
for hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or thyroid cancer. It involves

Endocrine the administration of radioactive iodine to destroy overactive thyroid

tissue or cancerous cells.

Disorders • Surgical Interventions: In some cases, surgical procedures like

thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid gland) or tumor removal might
be necessary for certain endocrine disorders, such as thyroid nodules
or tumors.
Thank you