Unit 2

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK
Review of Literature
• Review of literature is one of the most important step in the
research process. It is an account of what is already known
about a particular phenomenon.

• The main purpose of literature review is to convey to the

readers about the work already done and the knowledge and
ideas that have been already established on particular topic of
research

• It is a summary and analysis of previous researches by

showing how they are linked to the present study
Significance Of Review Of Literature
• Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related
material on the study

• Avoids unnecessary and unintentional duplication of others

researchers' projects

• Helps to summarize the results of previous studies in order for you to

use them as data base for your findings.
Sources Of Literatures
• Literature can be reviewed from two main two sources.

 Primary Sources

 Secondary Sources
Primary Sources
• Primary Sources of information the author reports his own work

• Primary literature sources are the first occurrence of a piece of work.

Eg: Market Research Reports ,Theses.

Secondary Sources
• In secondary sources the authors complies and summarize the
findings of the work done by others and gives interpretation of theses
finding, when primary sources are not available.
 Electronic database
 Books
 Journals
 Conference papers
 Theses
 Encyclopedia and dictionary
 Research report magazines and newspapers.
Process of Literature Review

Select a topic

Search &
Write the
Choose the
Review
Literature

Analyze &
Interpret the
Literature
Select a topic
•Choose a research interest : Mass Communication – Media

• Select a research interest from the everyday interest: Film Industry - the
recent rise of Superhero films like The Avengers

• Use the research interest to choose the research topic. The effects of
Superhero films like The Avengers on the perception of masculinity among males.
Search & Choose the Literature
• Find materials relevant to the research subject.
e.g. effects of films (superhero), factors that influence behavior etc.

• In scanning literature, manage your data properly by documenting the

author, book title etc and the key idea(s) expressed.
e.g. Author: Cowan, Angela Title: Boys, Masculinity and Television Violence: What is
the difference between superheroes and football heroes? Key Ideas: Cowan’s research
concluded that the way male superhero characters are televised teaches young boys
that masculinity is associated with aggression.

• Map your materials – decide what data would be relevant to your research. This
stage gives you the researcher a chance to refine and/or expand your research topic .
Analyze & Interpret the Literature
• Developing our argument and critiquing the literature to
ensure that it supports our thesis.

e.g. In 1995 both Boyatzis and Levin published papers in which they described
that boys engaged in play that was a type of heroic-warrior behaviour, more
frequently than girls.

This indicates that these children have determined the ways that their genders
should be performed in recreation. (As the boys displayed characteristics that
they deemed to be masculine, and the girls refused to participate because they
too saw it as masculine in nature.)
Write the Review
• Composing, molding and refining the literature.
• The written literature review becomes a work that accurately conveys
the research that can be understood by the intended audience.
• Beginning the Literature Review: Introduce your LR by defining or
explaining your research problem. e.g. Explain this concept of
superhero culture and the increase of produced films of this genre
within the last five years. Highlighting its popularity among young
adults.
An example of Literature Review
• Title : Disaster Risk Reduction Mechanism
• Find Literature on:
Data Sources available
Natural disaster in Nepal
Multi- Hazard Prone District
Disaster Management Cycle
Role of community in DRR
DRR Models
Previous Attempts
Recommendations from previous projects
Literature Review for Your Project
• 12-15 articles must be reviewed
• Books, journals, Articles
• Must be in chronological order ( oldest or latest Publication)
• Eg : “ Impact of Climate change” written by Ramesh Sharma in 2015
• Sharma (2015) Made a study on”
• Lee and Kim (2015)
• Lee and et al. (2015) more then two writers
Literature review for Your Project
• 200-250 words per article reviewed
• Objectives ( 50-100) words
• Method (50-75) words
 Data
 Models
 Methodology

• Contribution (50-100) words

 Findings
 Conclusion
Theoretical Framework
• A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts, like a
theory but not necessarily so well worked-out.
• A theoretical framework guides your research, determining what
things you will measure, and what statistical relationships you will
look for.
• Cases are objects whose behavior or characteristics we study. Usually,
the cases are persons. But they can also be groups, departments,
organizations, etc. They can also be more esoteric things like events
(e.g., meetings), utterances, pairs of people, etc.
• Variables are characteristics of cases. They are attributes. Qualities of
the cases that we measure or record.
• For example, if the cases are persons, the variables could be sex, age,
height, weight, feeling of empowerment, math ability, etc.
• Two key roles are independent variables and dependent variables.
Usually there is only one dependent variable, and it is the outcome
variable, the one you are trying to predict.
• For example, if we do a study to determine why some people are
more satisfied in their jobs than others, job satisfaction is the
dependent variable.
• The independent variables, also known as the predictor or
explanatory variables, are the factors that you think explain variation
in the dependent variable. In other words, these are the causes.
• For example, you may think that people are more satisfied with their
jobs if they are given a lot of freedom to do what they want, and if
they are well-paid. So 'job freedom' and 'salary' are the independent
variables, and 'job satisfaction' is the dependent variable
• Moderating variable Is variable that affects the direction and/or the
strength of the relation between an independent and a dependent
variable
e.g. Factors influencing eating out behaviour of consumers within
Kathmandu valley
Research & Theory: Deduction and Induction
• Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more
specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach.
• We might begin with thinking up a theory about our topic of interest.
We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we can
test. We narrow down even further when we collect observations to
address the hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the
hypotheses with specific data -- a confirmation (or not) of our original
theories
Deduction Research
Induction Research
• Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific
observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, we
sometimes call this a "bottom up" approach
• In inductive reasoning, we begin with specific observations and
measures, begin to detect patterns and regularities, formulate some
tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally end up
developing some general conclusions or theories.
 Deductive Theory Inductive Theory

A deductive approach usually begins with a An inductive approach will usually use research
hypothesis questions to narrow the scope of the study

For deductive approaches the emphasis is For inductive approaches the aim is usually
generally on causality focused on exploring new phenomena or looking
at previously researched phenomena from a
different perspective.

Deductive approaches are more commonly Inductive approaches are generally associated
associated with quantitative research. with qualitative research

Deductive reasoning is more narrow in nature Inductive reasoning, by its very nature, is more
and is concerned with testing or confirming open-ended and exploratory, especially at the
hypotheses. beginning
Thank you