GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

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 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR):
the volume of plasma filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute.
The average per minute is: 125 ml/min (20% of renal plasma flow)
- The average per day is: 180 L/day (gallons)
- 99% will reabsorbed (178.5 L/day) from filtrate and only 1% will excreted (1.5 – 2
L/day)
So, most filtered water must be reabsorbed or death would ensue from water lost
through urination.
- These values varies with: kidney size, lean body weight and number of functional
nephrons
- The relation between GFR an Net Filtration Pressure:
• ↑ NFP → ↑GFR
• ↓ NFP → ↓ GFR
- Normally changes in GFR is a result from change of blood pressure
 FACTORS GOVERNING FILTRATION RATE AT THE CAPILLARY BED ARE:

• Total surface area available for filtration

• Filtration membrane permeability
• Net filtration pressure(NFP): The pressure
responsible for filtrate formation
• NFP equals the glomerular hydrostatic
pressure

GFR is directly proportional to the NFP

Changes in GFR normally result from changes
in glomerular blood pressure
 FACTORS AFFECTING GFR
1. Pressure gradient across the filtration barrier: 3. Permeability of the filtration barrier (through 3
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure : layers): - Dehydration 2- Decrease renal blood flow
• A. The endothelium of capillary
It promotes filtration. - increase Arterial blood pressure
 Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule: • B. Filtration slits of epithelial lining of bowman
capsule (Podocytes)
It opposes filtration.
• C. Basement membrane (high negatively charge
Colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular plasma proteins: due to presence of proteoglycans)
It opposes filtration.
4.Filtration membrane surface area
2. Blood circulation throughout the kidneys –
Renal blood flow through kidney is 20% of cardiac output
(1200 ml/min) –
Renal plasma flow through kidney is about (650 ml/min)
So, GFR is about 16-20% of renal plasma flow (650 * 0.19
= 125 ml/min or 180 L/day)
 CONT’D
• If the GFR is too high: – Needed substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and
are lost in the urine.Fluid flows through tubules too rapidly to be absorbed (will not
absorbed very well). It will lead to:
Urine output rises
Creates threat of dehydration and electrolyte depletion

If the GFR is too low: – Everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally
disposed off. Fluid flows sluggishly through tubules. It will lead to:
• Tubules reabsorb wastes that should be eliminated
• Azotemia develops (high levels of nitrogen-containing substances in the blood)
 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
GFR═
sample, urine flow rate and plasma
creatinine concentration can be used
to determine GFR.
• Only 15 – 20 % of plasma entering
glomerulus filtered
• Composition of filtrate:
• Similar to plasma BUT NO large
proteins or cells
 Regulation of GFR & RBF
• Intrinsic Autoregulation:
• Renal vasculature also exhibits a well developed intrinsic ability to
adjust its resistance in response to changes in arterial BP and thus to
keep BF and GFR essentially constant = autoregulation.
• In man, effective over a range of MBP from 75/160mmHg. Below
75mmHg, filtration falls and ceases altogether when MBP = 50mmHg