LESSON OBJECTIVE:

MASTERING THE ART OF APA

CITATIONS
 Basic In-text citation
Joan Smith “Extreme sports” 22 July 2006, The Guardian

Before evidence:

Smith (2006) explained that taxpayers complain about the cost they have to pay for
extreme sports.

or

According to Smith (2006), taxpayers complain about the cost they have to pay for
extreme sports.

After evidence

It is clear that taxpayers complain about the cost they have to pay for extreme sports
(Smith, 2006).
  Adding the title to in-text citation

Article

Joan Smith “Extreme sports” 2001, the Guardian

Before the evidence Check comma

In her article “Extreme sports,” Smith ( 2006) explained that taxpayers complain about
the cost they have to pay for extreme sports.

Book

Barak Obama, The audacity of hope, 2006

In his book The Audacity of Hope, Obama (2006) outlined his political and spiritual
beliefs, as well as his opinions on different aspects of American culture.


Introducing types of in-text citations

- Quotations

-Unknown author

-Unknown date

-Two authors

-Three authors or more

-Author is an organization

In-text citation : a quotation


Before the evidence



Younkins (2020) wrote “Technology represents man’s attempt to make life

easier” (p.1).

After the evidence

“Technology represents man’s attempt to make life easier” (Younkins, 2020,

p.1).
 
In-text citation: No author



Before evidence

“Robots in factories” (2011) argued that robots have become

necessary in manufacturing.

After evidence

Robots have become necessary in manufacturing (“Robots in factories”,

2011).
 In-text citation: no date

Before evidence

King (n.d.) argued that psychologists advise people to adopt positive thinking,
though it has been found to have harmful effects.

After evidence

Psychologists advise people to adopt positive thinking, though it has been found to
have harmful effects (King, n.d.).
 In-text citation :Two authors

Before the evidence

Bond and Morris (2012) explained that technology shows

man’s effort to bring comfort to life.

According to Bond and Morris (2012), technology shows

man’s effort to bring comfort to life.

After the evidence

Technology shows man’s effort to bring comfort to
life ( Bond & Morris, 2012)
  In-text citation: more than two authors

Before the evidence

Bond, Sagan and Morris (2000) indicated that technology shows

man’s effort to bring comfort to life.

After the evidence

Technology shows man’s effort to bring comfort to life

(Bond et al., 2000).
 In-text citation: department, organization or association as author

Before the evidence

According to the Social and Economic Survey Research Institute(SERI)

(2015), the population in Qatar has increased 5% to 2 million and 580 thousand.

After the evidence

The population in Qatar has increased 5% to 2 million and 580 thousand (SERI,
2015).
 Task on
Check the following text-citations. Each has a
mistake. Find the mistake. Raise your hand when
you think you found it.
1. Technology can cause more trouble than can
be imagined (Stevenson 2011).
2. Heroes of the world (2001) argued that heroes today
make better role models because of their appreciation of
human life.
 3. Carr (N.D.) wrote that robots are the friends and not the
enemy to humans.
4. On the whole, non-violent action is superior to violent
struggle (Levine and Kushner, 1999).
 5. “ When we move beyond the classic stereotype, we can see
that many ordinary women and men are actually heroes”
(Polster, 2001).
 Vitamins are not the ideal dietary supplement for
some people (Pierce, Johnson, Hagel and Chergali,
2012).