COMPUTER VISION (IT

420)
UNIT 1
Khushbu Gupta
Department of Information Technology.
Projection
 Orthographic Projection
• Orthographic projection is a common method of representing
3D- objects, usually by three 2-D drawings in each of which the
object is viewed along parallel lines that are perpendicular to the
plane of the drawing.
• For example:
an orthographic projection of a house typically consists of a top view,
or plan, and a front view and one side view (front and side elevations).
• In the Orthographic Parallel Projection, the Projection is
perpendicular to the view plane.
 Orthographic Projection: Types
• The Orthographic Projection is divided into two parts- Multiview and Axonometric
Projection
1. Multiview Orthographic Projection: In Multiview Orthographic Projection, we can
represent the 2D-orthographic image into a 3D-object. The Multiview Orthographic
Projection Includes-
• Front View
• Top View
• Side View
 Orthographic Projection: Types
Multiview Orthographic Projection:
 Orthographic Projection: Types
2. Axonometric Orthographic Projection:
o The Axonometric Orthographic Projection is used to construct
the pictorial representation of an object.
o The sight lines are perpendicular to the projection plane.
o This Projection includes three subparts– isometric, dimetric and
trimetric.
 Orthographic Projection: Types
• Isometric: In Isometric, we can represent the 3D- objects into the 2D-
drawings visually. The Angle between the two co-ordinate is 120
degrees.
Orthographic Projection: Types
• Dimetric: In Dimetric Projection, the view direction of the two axes are
equal, and the direction of the third axis is defined individually.
Orthographic Projection: Types
• Trimetric: In the Trimetric Projection, the view direction of all three
axes is unequal. The scale of all three angles is defined individually.
 Perspective Projection

• In the perspective projection, the distance of the project plane from the center
of projection is finite.
• The object size keeps changing in reverse order with distance.
• Perspective projection is used to determine the projector lines coming together
at a single point.
• This single point is also called “project reference point” or “Center of
projection.”
Perspective Projection
Perspective Projection: Types
 Perspective Projection: Types

• There are three types of Perspective Projection.

• One Point: A One Point perspective contains only one
vanishing point on the horizon line. It is easy to draw.

• Use of One Point– The One Point projection is

mostly used to draw the images of roads,
railway tracks, and buildings.
 Perspective Projection: Types

• Two Point: It is also called “Angular

Perspective.” A Two Point perspective contains two
vanishing points on the line.

• Use of Two Point– The main use of Two Point

projection is to draw the two corner roads.
 Perspective Projection: Types
• Three- Point:
• The Three-Point Perspective contains three vanishing
points.
• Two points lie on the horizon line, and one above or below
the line.
• It is very difficult to draw.
• When we see an object from above, than the third point is
below the ground.
• If we see an object from the below, than the third point is in
the space above.
• Use of Three-Point: It is mainly used in skyscraping.
 Vanishing Point
• In graphical perspective, a vanishing point is an abstract point on the image plane where 2D

projections (or drawings) of a set of parallel lines in 3D space appear to converge.

• The vanishing point may also be referred to as the “direction point”.

• Vanishing Point Perspective is used in Graphic editing and 3D video games.

• It can be used to render 3D shapes (3D Buildings and objects), add perspective to a background

scene (road, train track) or add shadow effects.

Vanishing Point
Vanishing Point
Vanishing Point: Examples
Vanishing Point
Basics of Cameras,
Lenses and
Radiometry
 Introduction
• The scientific discipline of computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial

systems that extract information from images.

• The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences, views from multiple

cameras, multi-dimensional data from a 3D scanner, or medical scanning device.

• Video technology is playing an increasing role in a number of real-time systems.

Introduction
 Applications of Camera in
Computer Vision
• Computer vision is applied in for example industrial or practical
applications.
• For a computer to be able to see (image processing) the following hardware
components are required as a minimum:
• Camera, preferably a computer vision camera
• Lens, this determines the field of view
• Cable, this connects the computer vision camera with the computer
 Image Formation
• Images are formed by the projection of 3D objects.
• Images are considered to be the 2D patterns of the brightness values.
Image Formation
 Image Formation

Pinhole Imaging Model:

Pinhole Camera:
Image Formation: Adding A Lens

A lens focuses light onto the film

• There is a specific distance at which objects are “in focus”
1. other points project to a “circle of confusion” in the image
• Changing the shape of the lens changes this distance
 Lenses
• A lens focuses parallel rays onto a single focal point

• focal point at a distance f beyond the plane of the lens

 f is a function of the shape and index of refraction of the lens

• Aperture of diameter D restricts the range of rays

 aperture may be on either side of the lens

• Lenses are typically spherical (easier to produce)

Lenses
Lenses: Thin Lenses
Magnification
Depth of Field
The Human EYE
Digital Camera
Issues with Digital Camera
Camera Parameters
 Radiometry
• Radiometry is the part of image formation concerned with the relation among the
amounts of:
• Light energy emitted from light sources,
• Reflected from the surfaces
• And registered by sensors.
• Radiometry also means the measurement of light.
• So, the pixel intensity value at a, in an image depends on the amount of light
reflected by the surface.
Image Formation: Radiometry
THE END