IPV4 ADDRESSES

 Classful addressing
 Special IP addresses
 Classless addressing
 Header format
 IP fragmentation
 Options
 Subnetting a network
 Network address translation
 CIDR
• IP-Network layer. Connectionless best effort delivery service to the TP
layer.
• Address has a fixed length-32 bits
• Unique. Two devices on the internet can never have the same address at
the same time
• STRUCTURE-Two levels. Network ID-network of the host. Host ID- network
connection to the host rather than the actual host
• Address Space- Total No of addresses used by the protocol. N-address
space-2
N

• 32 bit addreses- 2 /4, 294,967,296

32

• Write-Dotted decimal notation. Communicated conveniently by people

• 3 method
• 1. Dotted decimal-131.57.30.57- 131.57-n/w address 30.57-node address
• 2.Binary -10000010.00111001.00011110.00111000
Classful addressing
• 5 address classes. A to E
• Class D-multicast services, that allow a host to send information to a
group of hosts simultaneously.
• Class E-reserved for future use
• Class A- large organizations with a large number of attached hosts or
routers
• Class B-Midsize organizations with tens of thousands of attached host
or routers
• Problem- Each class is divided in to a fixed number of blocks with each
block having a fixed size.
• Class A-first byte is assigned to the network address and the
remaining three bytes- node addresses.
• Class A format-network.node.node.node
• 14.28.101.120
• Class B- 2 byte is assigned to n/w address and 2- node
• Class B format- network.network.node.node
• 150.51.30.40
• Class C-3 byte is assigned as network address 1 byte-node address
• Network.network.network.node
• 200.20.42.120
CLASS NO OF BLOCKS BLOCK SIZE

A 128 16777216

B 16384 65536

C 2097152 256

D 1 268435456

E 1 268435456
Classless Addressing
• Variable length blocks are assigned that belong to no class.
• Entire address space-divided into blocks of different sizes
• When the entity, small or large needs to be connected to the internet it
is granted a block of addresses. The size of the block varies based on the
nature and size of the entity
• Restriction: Address handle-3 restriction
• 1. The address in a block must be contiguous , one after another
• 2. The number of the addresses in a block must be a power of 2
• 3. The first address must be evenly divisible by the number of addresses
• A block of addressing-x.y.z.t/n
• x.y.z.t—one of the address
• n-mask
• TCP/IP protocols
• Unreliable and connectionless datagram protocol
HEADER FORMAT
• Packets in the IPv4-datagram.Datagram-variable length packet. 2 parts-Header and data

• Ver-Ip protocol version.

• HLEN/IHL- Length of the IP header in multiples of 32 bits. Minimum value of correct

header-5(20 bytes) maximum value-15(60)

• Service type-Identification of QoS requested for this IP datagram

• Total length-datagram+header+data

• Identification-unique number assigned by the sender used with fragmentation

• Flags-control flags

• 1st bit –reserved(0) 2nd bit is DF 3rd bit-MF

•Fragment offset-reassemble the full datagram

•TTL-time to live. Specifies the time. The datagram is allowed to travel. Used as

hop counter-detect routing loops

•Protocol Number-higher level of protocol. IP should deliver the data in the

datagram
•Header checksum-error check. Doesnot match the content, the datagram is

discarded
•IP options- variable length field. Used for control or debugging and

measurement
• Loose source routing-mean for the source of an IP datagram to supply
explicit routing infn
• Timestamp-tell the routers along the route to put time stamp in the
option data
• Padding-ensure that the IP header ends on a 32 bit boundary. Padding
is 0
IP FRAGMENTATION

• IP provides fragmentation/ reassembly of datagrams. Maximum level of an IP

datagram is 65535 octets.

• When IP datagram-travels from one host to another it may pass to different

physical networks

• Each physical network has maximum frame size, called maximum transfer unit
which limits the datagram length
IP FRAGMENTATION
• Maximum Length -65,535 Octets.
Modification of header of fragments
• Mf flag is set in all fragments except the last
• The fragment offset field is updated.
• If options were included in the original datagram,they may be copied
to all fragment datagram’s or only the first datagram.
• The header lenth field is set;
• Total length field is set;
• The header checksum is re-calculated
What problems can IP fragmentation cause?

• During IP fragmentation, the router (or network switch) must

create fragments and then re-assemble those fragments. This
causes sluggishness over the network by sapping up the router’s
resources.
• Another issue with IP fragmentation is that if any fragment is
dropped during transmission, the whole process has to start again.
• The original packet, which is discarded during fragmentation, must
be retransmitted, fragmented, and reassembled.
• This makes the fragmentation process inefficient and resource-
heavy. For this reason, network administrators avoid IP
fragmentation whenever possible
options
• 2 part
• Fixed part ,variable.
• 1.single byte-no operation and end operation
• 2.multiple byte-record route,strict source route,loose source root and timestamp.
• no operation-1-byte option used as a filter
• end operation-1-byte option used as a padding
• record route- record the internet routers and handle dategram
• strict source route-predetermine the route for datagram
• loose source root-similar to strict but it is rigid.
• timestamp-record the time of datagram processing by a router.
Subnetting a network
• What is a subnet?
• A subnet, or subnetwork, is a segmented piece of a larger
network. More specifically, subnets are a logical partition of an
IP network into multiple, smaller network segments.
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method for sending data from
one computer to another over the internet.
• Each computer, or host, on the internet has at least one IP
address as a unique identifier.
BENEFITS
1. Reduced networks
2. Optimized network performance
3. Simplified network management.
4. Facilities spanning large geographical distances.
Network Address Translation
• It’s a way to map multiple private addresses inside a local network to
a public IP address before transferring the information onto the
internet. Organizations that want multiple devices to employ a single
IP address use NAT, as do most home routers.
• With in the company-every machine-unique address-10 X.Y.Z-Packet
leaves the company premises, passes through NAT BOX-convert the
internal IP source address 10.0.0.1
• NAT-combined in a single device with a firewall-possible to integrate
the NAT box in to the company router
Working
• Generally, the border router is configured for NAT i.e the router which
has one interface in the local (inside) network and one interface in the
global (outside) network. When a packet traverse outside the local
(inside) network, then NAT converts that local (private) IP address to a
global (public) IP address. When a packet enters the local network, the
global (public) IP address is converted to a local (private) IP address.
• If NAT runs out of addresses, i.e., no address is left in the pool
configured then the packets will be dropped and an Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP) host unreachable packet to the destination is
sent.
• NAT inside and outside addresses –
Inside refers to the addresses which must be translated. Outside refers to the
addresses which are not in control of an organization. These are the network
Addresses in which the translation of the addresses will be done.
• Inside local address – An IP address that is assigned to a host on the Inside (local)
network. The address is probably not an IP address assigned by the service provider
i.e., these are private IP addresses. This is the inside host seen from the inside
network.

• Inside global address – IP address that represents one or more inside local IP
addresses to the outside world. This is the inside host as seen from the outside
network.

• Outside local address – This is the actual IP address of the destination host in the
local network after translation.

• Outside global address – This is the outside host as seen from the outside network.
It is the IP address of the outside destination host before translation.
CIDR
• Classless Interdomain routing
• IP address allocation and IP routing that allows for more efficient use
of IP addresses.
• CIDR is based on the idea that IP addresses can be allocated and
routed based on their network prefix rather than their class, which was
the traditional way of IP address allocation.
• CIDR addresses are represented using a slash notation, which specifies
the number of bits in the network prefix.
• For example, an IP address of 192.168.1.0 with a prefix length of 24
would be represented as 192.168.1.0/24. This notation indicates that
the first 24 bits of the IP address are the network prefix and the
remaining 8 bits are the host identifier.