MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL

STATISTICS

• the collection, organization,

summarization, presentation, and
interpretation of data.
Application of Statistics

• Comparing the effects of five kinds of

fertilizers on the yield of a particular variety of
corn;
• Comparing the effectiveness of two diet
programs;
• Prediction of daily temperatures;
• Evaluation of student performance; and many
more
DIVISIONS OF STATISTICS

Statistics

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Descriptive Statistics

• A statistical procedure concerned with describing the

characteristics and properties of a group of persons,
places or things

Examples:
- Mean - Range - Skewness
- Median - Standard Deviation - Kurtosis
- Mode - Variance
Examples of Descriptive Statistics

• Presenting the Philippine population by

constructing a graph indicating the total
number of Filipinos counted during the last
census by age group and sex

• The Department of Social Welfare and

Development (DSWD) cited statistics
showing an increase in the number of
child abuse cases during the past five
years.
Inferential Statistics

• consist of generalizing from samples to population,

performing hypothesis testing, determining
relationships among variables and making predictions. It
consists of techniques for reaching conclusions about a
population based upon information contained in a
sample
• The mathematical procedures whereby we convert
information about the sample into intelligent guesses
about the population fall under the rubric of inferential
statistics.
• The most common methodologies in inferential
statistics are hypothesis tests, confidence
intervals, and regression analysis.
• Interestingly, these inferential methods can
produce similar summary values as descriptive
statistics, such as the mean and standard
deviation.
• Slovin's formula is written as:
• n=N÷(1+Ne2)
• where n = Number of samples, N = Total
population and e = Error tolerance.
• 1,000-population
• 95%-confidence interval,5% marginal error
Examples of Inferential Statistics

A new milk formulation designed to improve the

psychomotor development of infants was tested on
randomly selected infants. Based on the results, it was
concluded that the new milk formulation is effective in
improving the psychomotor development of infants.
Sample and Population

• Sample refers to the representative portion

of the population, while population
pertains to the total collection of
observations or measurements.
• Constant – a characteristic or property of a
population or sample which makes the members
similar from each other.
• Variables – a characteristic or property of a
population or sample which makes the members
different from each other.

• Data – facts or a set of information gathered or

under study.
 Data

can be can be
ordered Quantitative Qualitative placed in
and ranked Data Data categories

Continuous
Discrete Data
Data
values are
obtained by
obtained by
measuring any
counting
quantitative
variable
 TYPES OF DATA
• Qualitative Data – data that can be placed in categories
like gender, civil status, and educational attainment.

• Quantitative Data – Data that can be ordered and ranked.

Values of a variable that are recorded as meaningful
members.
 Levels of Measurement

Levels Characteristics Examples

gender, ID
NOMINAL Naming number,race
first, second,
ORDINAL Naming Ranking third
Precise No true temperature,
INTERVAL Naming Ranking difference zero
IQ
between units point
Precise With
height,
RATIO Naming Ranking difference true zero weight
between units point
Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Dispersion

Measures of Relative Position

A way of describing data by referring to the
middle or typical values in a data set.

Mean Median Mode

Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
is a mathematical average score and it is the most
popular measures of central tendency.
found by adding up all the items and then dividing by
the sum of the number of items.
The mean of a sample is denoted by 𝑥 (read “x bar”).
Example

a. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mean = 5.5
b. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20
Mean = 6.5
c. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
Mean = 14.5
 Problem: Scott took 7 math tests in one marking
period. What is the mean test score?
89, 73, 84, 91, 87, 77, 94

Find the mean driving speed for 6 different cars on

the same highway.
66 mph, 57 mph, 71 mph, 54 mph, 69 mph, 58 mph

A student has gotten the following grades on his

tests: 87, 95, 76, and 88. He wants an 85 or better
overall. What is the minimum grade he must get on
the last test in order to achieve that average?
Measures of Central Tendency
median
is a central value of the distribution, or the value which
divides the distribution in equal parts, each part
containing equal number of items.

Thus it is the central value of the variable, when the

values are arranged in order of magnitude.

is the "middle" value in the list of numbers. To find the

median, your numbers have to be listed in numerical
order from smallest to largest, so you may have to
rewrite your list before you can find the median.
To find the median of a group of items:
1. Rank the items.
2. If the number of items is odd, the median is the
middle item in the list.
3. If the number of items is even, the median is
the mean of the two middle numbers.
Example 1
Ten students in a math class were polled as to the number of
siblings in their individual families and the results were:
3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2.
Find the median number of siblings for the ten students.
10
Position of the median: =5
2
Between the 5th and 6th values

Data in order: 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 6
3+3
Median = =3 𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
2
Example 2
Nine students in a math class were polled as to the number of
siblings in their individual families and the results were:
3, 2, 2, 1, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2.
Find the median number of siblings for the nine students.
9
= 4.5 the
≈ 5th value
2

Data in order: 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 6

3 𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
Median =
 The Doran family has 5 children, aged 9, 12, 7, 16
and 13. What is the age of the middle child?

During the first marking period, Nicole's math quiz

scores were 90, 92, 93, 88, 95, 88, 97, 87, and 98.
What was the median quiz score?

The salaries of 8 employees who work for a small

company are listed below. What is the median salary?
40,000 Php, 29,000 Php, 35,500 Php, 31,000 Php,
43,000 Php, 30,000 Php, 27,000 Php, 32,000 Php
Measures of Central Tendency
mode
the value that occurs the most often

If a distribution has two modes, then it is called

bimodal; if three or more, then multimodal. In a large
distribution, this term is commonly applied even when
the two modes do not have exactly the same
frequency.

However, if all of the values occurred only once, then

the distribution has no mode.
Example
Ten students in a math class were polled as to the
number of siblings in their individual families and the
results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the mode
for the number of siblings.

3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2
The mode for the number of siblings is 3.
Measures of Central Tendency
Which measure of Central
Tendency should be used?

The measure you choose should give

you a good indication of the typical
score in the sample or population.
Measures of Central Tendency
The mean is affected by outliers while the median is
resistant. In a sense, the median is able to resist the
pull of a far away value but the mean is drawn to such
values.
A change in any of the numbers changes the mean,
and the mean can be changed drastically by changing
an extreme value.
In contrast, the median and the mode of a set of data
are usually not changed by changing an extreme value.
The mean, the median, and the mode are all
averages however, they are generally not equal.
Example

Compare the mean, the median, and the mode for the
salaries of 5 employees of a small company.

P370,000 P60,000 P36,000 P20,000 P20,000

Mean: P101,200
Median: P36,000
Mode: P20,000
On a cold winter day in January, the temperature for
9 North American cities is recorded in Fahrenheit.
What is the mode of these temperatures?
-
8, 0, -3, 4, 12, 0, 5, -1, 0

The test scores of 9 seventh grade students are listed

below. Find the mode.
82, 92, 75 , 91, 92, 89, 95, 100, 86
A way of describing data which refer to how
spread out a set of values is.

Standard
Range Deviatio Variance
n
RANGE

 the difference between the largest value

(maximum) and the smallest value (minimum) in
the data
RANGE
Example 1:
Find the range of the following set of values:
2, 5, 9, 17, 8, 27, 1, 34

Range = 34 - 1 = 33
RANGE
Example 2:
Find range from the following set of data values:
6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 14, 15, 16, 20

Range: 14
STANDARD DEVIATION

 an extremely important measure of spread that

is based on the mean
 a set of numerical data makes use of the
individual amount that each data value deviates
from the mean

For population: For sample:

STANDARD DEVIATION
Properties that determine the usefulness of the standard
deviation:
 used to describe the variability of the distribution
only when the mean is used to describe the center
It is equal to zero when there is no variability. This
happens only when all observations are of the same
value.
The same unit of measurement as the original
observations
Like the mean, it can be influenced by outliers.
PROCEDURE FOR COMPUTING A
STANDARD DEVIATION
1. Determine the mean of the n numbers.
2. For each number, calculate the deviation (difference) between
the number and the mean of the numbers.
3. Calculate the square of each of the deviations and find the sum
of these squared deviations.
4. If the data is a population, then divide the sum by n. If the data
is a sample, then divide the sum by n -1.
5. Find the square root of the quotient in Step 4.
 Example 1:
The following numbers were obtained by sampling a
population: 2, 4, 7, 12, 15
Find the standard deviation of the sample.
SOLUTION:
Step 1: The mean of the numbers is: = 2+4+7+12+15= 40 = 8
5 5
Step 2: For each number, X x-
calculate the deviation between 2 2 - 8 = -6
the number and the mean. 4 4 - 8 = -4
7 7 - 8 = -1
12 12 - 8 = 4
15 15 - 8 = 7
 Step 3: Calculate the square of each of TAKE NOTE
the deviations in Step 2, and find the
sum of these squared deviations. Because the sum of
the deviations is
always 0, you can
X x- (x- )2 use this as a means to
check your
2 2 - 8 = -6 (- 6) 2 = 36 arithmetic. That is, if
4 4 - 8 = -4 (-4)2 = 16 your deviations from
the mean do not have
7 7 - 8 = -1 (-1) 2 = 1 a sum of 0, then you
know you have made
12 12 -8 = 4 (4) 2 = 16 an error
15 15- 8 = 7 (7) 2 = 49
118 Sum of the
squared
deviation
Step 4: Because we have a sample of n = 5 values,
divide the sum 118 by n - 1, which is 4.
= 29.5

Step 5: The standard deviation of the sample is

s=
To the nearest hundredth, the standard
deviation is s = 5.43
Example 2:
A consumer group has tested a sample of 8 size-
D batteries from each of 3 companies. The results
of the tests are shown in the following table.
According to these tests, which company
produces batteries for which the values
representing hours of constant use have the
smallest standard deviation?

company Hours of constant use of battery

EverSoBright 6.2, 6.4, 7.1, 5.9, 8.3, 5.3, 7.5, 9.3

Dependable 6.8, 6.2, 7.2, 5.9, 7.0, 7.4, 7.3, 8.2

Beacon 6.1, 6.6, 7.3, 5.7, 7.1, 7.6, 7.1, 8.5

The batteries from Dependable have
the smallest standard deviation.
According to these results, the
Dependable company produces the
most consistent batteries with regard
to life expectancy under constant
use.
VARIANCE
 the square of the standard deviation of the data
it does not use the same unit of measure as the
original data

Notations for Standard Deviation and Variance

is the standard deviation of a population.
is the variance of a population.
is the standard deviation of a sample.
is the variance of a sample.
 VARIANCE
Example:
Find the variance if the standard deviation .

Solution: The variance is

= = 29.5
or
=
= 29.5
Calculate the
1. Range
2. Standard Deviation
3. Variance
8, 5, 7, 5,15
Calculate the
4. Range
5. Standard Deviation
6. Variance

100, 1050, 320, and 150.

7. Find the median of the set of numbers:
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10.
a. 55
b. 10
c. 1
d. 5.5
8. Find the median of the set of numbers:
21, 3, 7, 17, 19, 31, 46, 20 and 43.
a. 19
b. 20
c. 3
d. 167
9. Find the median of the set of numbers:
100, 200, 450, 29, 1029, 300 and 2001.
a. 300
b. 29
c. 7
d. 4,080
10. The following represents age distribution of
students in an elementary class. Find the mode of the
values:
7, 9, 10, 13, 11, 7, 9, 19, 12, 11, 9, 7, 9, 10, 11.
a. 7
b. 9
c. 10
d. 11
11. Find the mode from these test results:
90, 80, 77, 86, 90, 91, 77, 66,
69, 65, 43, 65, 75, 43, 90.
a. 43
b. 77
c. 65
d. 90
12. Find the mode from these test results:
17, 19, 18, 17, 18, 19, 11, 17, 16, 19, 15, 15, 15,
17, 13, 11.
a. 15
b. 11
c. 17
d. 19
13. Find the mean of these set of numbers:
100, 1050, 320, 600 and 150.
a. 333
b. 444
c. 440
d. 320
14. The following numbers represent the ages of
people on a bus: 3, 6, 27, 13, 6, 8, 12, 20, 5, 10.
Calculate their mean of their ages.
a. 11
b. 6
c. 9
d. 110
15. These numbers are taken from the number of
people that attended a particular church every Friday
for 7 weeks: 62, 18, 39, 13, 16, 37, 25. Find the mean.
a. 25
b. 210
c. 62
d. 30
Answer Key
1. Range
2. Standard Deviation
3. Variance
4. Range
5. Standard Deviation
6. Variance
7. D
First arrange the numbers in a numerical sequence: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
10. Then find the middle number or numbers. The middle numbers are
5 and 6. The median = 5 + 6/2 = 11/2 = 5.5
8. B
First arrange the numbers in a numerical sequence: 3,7, 17, 19, 20, 21,
31, 43, 46. Next find the middle number. The median = 20
9. A
First arrange the numbers in a numerical sequence: 29,100, 200, 300,
450, 1029, 2001. Next find the middle number. The median = 300
10. B
Simply find the most recurring number. The most occurring number in
the series is 9
11. D
Simply find the most recurring number. The most occurring number in the
series is 90.
12. C
Simply find the most recurring number. The most occurring number in the
series is 17.
13. B
First add all the numbers 100 + 1050 + 320 + 600 + 150 = 2220. Then divide by
5 (the number of data provided) = 2220/5 = 444
14 A
First add all the numbers 3 + 6 + 27 + 13 + 6 + 8 + 12 + 20 + 5 + 10 = 110.
Then divide by 10 (the number of data provided) = 110/10 = 11
15. D
First add all the numbers 62 + 18 + 39 + 13 + 16 + 37 + 25 = 210. Then divide
by 7 (the number of data provided) = 210/7 = 30
THANKS!
Any questions?

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