Skeletal System

SKELETAL
SYSTEM
MARJORIE VARONA, RN
BEFORE
AFTER
FUNCTIONS
1. SUPPORT
 Rigid, Strong bone is well suited for bearing
weight and is major supporting tissue of the
body.
 CARTILAGE: Provides firm yet flexible
support within certain structures (nose,
external ear, thoracic cage)
 LIGAMENTS: Strong bands of fibrous
connective tissue that attach to bones and
hold them together (BONE-BONE)
FUNCTIONS
2. PROTECTION
 Bone is hard and protects the organs it
surrounds
 SKULL: Encloses and protects the brain
 VERTEBRAE: Surround the spinal cord
 RIB CAGE: Protects the lungs, heart and
other organs of the thorax
FUNCTIONS
3. MOVEMENT
 TENDONS: Strong bands of connective
tissue, attach skeletal muscles to bones
 JOINTS: 2 or more bones come together
allow movement between bones
FUNCTIONS
4. STORAGE
 Some minerals in the blood
principally stored in the bone
(Calcium and Phosphorous)
 Adipose tissue: stored within bone
cavities
 If needed lipids are released
into the blood for source of
energy
FUNCTIONS
5. BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
 Many bones contain cavities

filled with red bone marrow,
which produce blood cells and
platelets
BONE HISTOLOGY
BONE CONSISTS:
1. BONE CELLS
 Produce the bone matrix
2. EXTRACELLULAR BONE MATRIX

 Responsible for the
characteristics of bone
BONE HISTOLOGY
EXTRACELLULAR BONE MATRIX
 Organic material : collagen and proteoglycans

 Inorganic material: HYDROXYAPATITE
 Like reinforced concrete

 STONG AND FLEXIBLE
BONE HISTOLOGY
BONE CELLS
1. OSTEOBLASTS
 Bone forming cells
 Produce collagen and proteoglycans
 Produces MATRIX VESICLES
 hydroxyapatite crystals  hydroxyapatite formation
BONE HISTOLOGY
BONE CELLS
2. OSTEOCYTES
 Osteoblast surrounded by bone matrix
 Relatively inactive
 Possible for them to produce the
components needed to maintain the bone
matrix.
BONE HISTOLOGY
BONE CELLS
3. OSTEOCLASTS
 Bone-destroying cells
 Breakdown bone that mobilizes ca2+ and phosphate
ions for use in metabolic processes.
BONE HISTOLOGY
OSSIFICATION
 Formation of bone by osteoblasts
 Occurs by appositional growth on the surface of
previously existing bone or cartilage.
BONE HISTOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF BONE TISSUE
 According to the organization of
collagen fibers within the bone matrix.
1. WOVEN BONE
 Collagen fibers are randomly oriented
 First formed during fetal
development/during the repair of a
fracture.*
2. LAMELLAR BONE
 Mature bone that is organized into thin
sheets  lamellae
BONE HISTOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF BONE
 Classified according to the
amount of bone matrix to bone
space
1. SPONGY
2. CORTICAL
BONE HISTOLOGY
1. SPONGY
 Very porous and is located in the
epiphyses of long bones and lines the
medullary cavity of long bones
 Less bone matrix
 TRABECULAE – delicate
interconnecting rods or plates of bone
 Add strength to a bone without the
added weight
 Spaces between trabeculae are filled
with marrow
BONE HISTOLOGY
2. CORTICAL
 Forms the perimeter of diaphysis of a long
bone and the thinner surfaces of all other
bones
 Predictable pattern of repeating units:
 OSTEONS – consist of connective rings of
lamellae surrounding central canal.
 BLOOD VESSELS: run parallel to the long axis
of the bone. Located In the central canals/
haversian canal
 CANALICULI – give osteon the appearance of
having tiny cracks within lamella
BONE ANATOMY
BONE SHAPES
1. LONG BONES
2. SHORT
3. FLAT
4. IRREGULAR
BONE ANATOMY
BONE SHAPES
1. LONG BONES
 Longer than they are wide.
 This shape enhances their
function in movement of
appendages
 Most of the upper and
lower limbs (arms and
legs) are long bones
BONE ANATOMY
BONE SHAPES
2. SHORT BONES
 Approximately as
wide as they are long
 Bones of the wrist and
ankle
 Short bones helps
transfer force between
long bones
BONE ANATOMY
BONE SHAPES
3. FLAT BONES
 Relatively thin, flattened
shape.
 Flat bones are well suited
to providing a strong barrier
around soft organs such as
brain and heart
BONE ANATOMY
BONE SHAPES
4. IRREGULAR BONES
 Providing protection while
allowing bending and
flexing of certain body
regions such as spine
 do not fit in other three
categories.
BONE ANATOMY
STRUCTURE OF LONG BONES
 DIAPHYSIS
 Shaft
 Growing between two ends
 Primary ossification center is in the
diaphysis.
 EPIPHYSIS
 Develops from a center of ossification
 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
 Covers the ends of the epiphysis where
the bone articulates (joints) with other
bones
BONE ANATOMY
 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
 Covers the ends of the epiphysis
where the bone articulates (joints) with
other bones
 EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
 Separates the epiphysis from the
diaphysis
 Where growth in bone length occurs
 becomes ossified and is called the
EPIPHYSEAL LINE
BONE ANATOMY
Bones contains cavities
 MEDULLARY CAVITY – large (in
cavities)
 These spaces are filled with soft
tissue called MARROW:
 YELLOW MARROW – consist
mostly of adipose tissue
 RED MARROW – consist mostly
of blood forming cells and is the
only site of blood formation in
adults
BONE ANATOMY
 PERIOSTEUM
 Connective tissue membrane that covers
the outer surface of a bone
 Ligaments and tendons attach to bone
through the periosteum
 Bone grows in diameter
 ENDOSTEUM
 Thin connective tissue membrane lining
the inner cavities of bone
BONE ANATOMY
STRUCTURE OF FLAT, SHORT, AND IRREGULAR BONES
 Interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched
between two layers of compact bone
 Not elongated
 No diaphyses
 Small epiphyses
BONE DEVELOPMENT
REVIEW
 OSTEOBLAST – bone forming cells
 OSTEOCLAST – bone destroying cells
 Osteoclast contribute also in bone repair
and remodeling
BONE DEVELOPMENT
BONE OSSIFICATION
 OSSIFICATION – to make, is the formation of bone
by osteoblast until it becomes or completely
surrounded by bone matrix and it becomes a mature
bone cell/osteocyte
 In fetus, bones develop by two process:

1. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
 bone formation that occurs within
connective tissue membrane
2. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
 bone formation occurs inside hyaline
cartilage
BONE DEVELOPMENT
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
 Begins at approximately the eighth week
of embryonic development
 Completed: 2 years of age
E.g.
 Skull bones
 Part of the mandible (lower jaw),
 Diaphyses of the clavicles (collarbones)
BONE DEVELOPMENT
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
 Formation of cartilage: end of the 4th week
of embryonic development
 Bones of the base of the skull, part of the

mandible, the epiphyses of the clavicles,
and most of the remaining skeletal system
BONE GROWTH
 Occurs by deposition of new

bone lamella onto existing
bone or other connective
tissue
BONE GROWTH
 Growth in the length of

bone which is major source
of increased height occurs
in epiphyseal plate
 This type of bone occurs
through endochondral
ossification
BONE GROWTH
FACTORS AFFECTING BONE GROWTH
1. NUTRITION 2. HORMONES
 Calcium  Growth hormone
 Vitamin D  Stimulating interstitial cartilage
 Necessary for the normal growth and appositional bone
absorption of calcium from growth
the intestines  Thyroid hormone
 Vitamin C  Sex hormones
 Collagen synthesis by  Burst of growth at puberty
osteoblasts stimulate ossification of
epiphyseal plates,  he
cessation of growth
BONE REPAIR
BONE REPAIR
 Bone is a living tissue that can undergo repair if it is
damaged
CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
 Bones play an important role in regulating blood ca2+
levels
 Bone is the major storage site for calcium
 FUNCTION:
 Muscle contraction and membrane potentials
2 MAIN HORMONES:
 Parathyroid hormon
 Caclitonin
CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
SKELETAL ANATOMY OVERVIEW
 General considerations in bone
anatomy
 Average adult skeleton contains
206 bones
TERMS:
 FORAMEN – hole in a bone
 Hole exist because some
structures such as a nerve or
blood vessel passes through
the bone at that point
 CANAL/MEATUS – tunnel like
passage through bone
 FOSSA
• Depression in a bone
 TUBERCLE/ TUBEROSITY
• Rounded projection
 PROCESS
• sharp Projection
 CONDYLE
• smooth rounded end of bone where
it forms a joint with another bone
DIVIDED TO:
 AXIAL
 Skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone,
vertebral column, and rib cage
(thoracic cage).
 APPENDICULAR
 Bones of the upper limbs, the lower
limbs, and the girdles
SKELETAL ANATOMY AXIAL SKELETONS
SKULL
 22 bones of the skull are divided into
those of the braincase and those of
the face
 Brain case (neurocranium) consist of

8 bones that immediately surround
and protect the brain
 Facial consist of 14 bones

(viscerocranium)
SKULL
 Brain case (neurocranium)
 FRONTAL BONE:
 OCCCIPITAL BONE
 PARIENTAL BONE
 CORONAL SUTURES:
 Separates the frontal and parietal
 SAGITTAL SUTURES:
 Separates 2 parietal bone
 LAMBOID SUTURES:
 Separates Parietal from Occipital bone
SKULL
 Brain case (Neurocranium)
TEMPORAL BONE
 SQUAMOUS SUTURE:
 Separates TEMPORAL and
PARIETAL bone
 ZYGOMATIC BONE
 Cheekbone
 ZYGOMATIC ARCH
 Joined processes from the
temporal and zygomatic
bones,
 MAXILLA
 jawbone forms the
upper jaw
 MANDIBLE
 forms the lower jaw
 FORAMEN MAGNUM
 Passes through the occipital
bone
Base of the skull
 Entrance of vertebral arteries
 OCCIPITAL CONDYLES
 Articulation between the skull and
the vertebral column
 MANDIBULAR FOSSA
 Mandible articulates with the rest
of the skull
 CAROTID CANALS
 Entrance of internal carotid
arteries
 HARD PALATE
 Floor of the nasal cavity.
Made up of 4 bones (2 pairs)
1. Palatine processes of the two

maxillary bones,
2. Horizontal plates of the two
palatine bones
 Prominent openings
ORBIT (EYE SOCKET)
 Each orbit has several openings
through which structures
communicate with other cavities
 Largest of these are:

1. Superior and Inferior orbital
fissures – provides openings
through which blood vessels pass
to face
2. OPTIC FORAMEN
 Optic nerve for the sense of
vision passes through
3. NASOLACRIMAL CANAL
 Passes from the orbit into the
nasal cavity
 Contains a duct that carries
tears from eyes to nasal cavity
 NASAL SEPTUM
 Divides the nasal cavity into
left and right halves, two
structures form the nasal
septum
 NASAL BONES
 Forms the bridge of the
nose
 External part of the nose is
formed mostly of cartilage
 Each lateral walls of the nasal cavity
has three (3) bony shelves:
 NASAL CONCHAE
 Resembling a conch shell, the
conchae increase the surface
area in the nasal cavity.
 The increase surface area of the
overlying epithelium facilitates
moistening and warming of the
air inhaled through nose
 VERTEBRAL COLUMN
“SPINE”
 Central axis of the skeleton
extending from the base of the
skull to slightly past the end of
pelvis
FUCTIONS:
1.) Supports the weight of the head and
trunk
2.) Protects the spinal cord
3.) Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal
cord
4.) Provides a sire for muscle attachment
5.) Permits movement of the head and
trunk
26 individual
 Group into 5 regions:
1.) CERVICAL vertebrae – 7(C1 -C7)
2.) THORACIC vertebrae – 12(T1-T12)
3.) LUMBAR vertebrae – 5(L1-L5)
4.) SACRAL bone – 1 (fuse to one from 5)
5.) COCCYX bone - 1 (fuse to one from 5)
 General Features of the Vertebrae
 BODY
 Disk-shaped
 Largest part with flat surfaces;
forms the anterior wall of the
vertebral foramen
 Intervertebral disks are located
between the bodies
 VERTEBRAL FORAMEN
 Hole in each vertebra through
which the spinal cord passes
 PEDICLE
 Foot of the arch with one on
each side
 LAMINA
 Posterior part of the arch
 VERTEBRAL ARCH
 Forms the lateral and posterior
walls of the vertebral foramen;
possesses several processes
and articular surfaces
 PEDICLE
 Foot of the arch with one on
each side
 LAMINA
 Posterior part of the arch
 VERTEBRAL ARCH
 Forms the lateral and posterior
walls of the vertebral foramen;
possesses several processes
and articular surfaces
TRANSVERSE PROCESS
 Process projecting laterally from the
junction of the lamina and pedicle
 a site of muscle attachment
SPINOUS PROCESS
 Process projecting posteriorly at the
point where the two laminae join
ARTICULAR PROCESSES
 Superior and inferior projections
containing articular facets where
vertebrae articulate with each other;
 Strengthen the vertebral column
 Allow for movement
INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS
 Fibrocartilage
 Located between the bodies of
adjacent vertebrae
prevent the vertebral bodies from rubbing
against each other
EXTERNAL: ANNULUS FIBROSUS

INTERNAL: NUCLEUS PULPOSUS
 ATLAS
 First cervical vertebra
 Holds up the head
 No body and no spinous process
 Articulates with the occipital
 Condyles on the base of the skull
 “Yes” motion or to tilt from side to
side
 AXIS
 Rotation occurs
 “No” motion of the head
 Dens (odontoid process)
 Dens fits into vertebral foramen
of the atlas
 SACRAL VERTEBRAE
 Five vertebrae are fused into a single
bone called the SACRUM
 SACRAL PROMONTORY
 separates the abdominal cavity
from the pelvic cavity.
 COCCYX
 Tailbone
 Consists of three to five semifused
vertebrae
 Easily broken
 RIB CAGE
 Protects the vital organs within thorax
and prevents the collapse of the
thorax during respiration
 There are 12 pairs of ribs divided into
TRUE ribs and FALSE ribs
 TRUE RIBS: 1-7 attach directly to
the sternum by means of costal
cartilage
 FALSE RIBS: 8-10 do not attach
directly to the sternum (ribs 8-10
attach to the sternum by a common
cartilage)
 FLOATING RIBS: Ribs 11-12. Do not
attach at all to sternum and are
called
 STERNUM/BREAST BONE
 Divided into 3: (sword-shaped)
1. MANUBRIUM: handle
 First rib and clavicle attachment
2. BODY: blade
 3rd to 7th - ribs are attached
3. XIPHOID PROCESS: the tip
 No ribs attached
 JUGULAR NOTCH
 Located between the sword-shaped
ends of the clavicles where they
articulate with the sternum
 STERNAL ANGLE
 Can be felt at the junction of the
manubrium and the body of the
sternum this junction
 important landmark: identifies the
location of the second rib
SKELETAL ANATOMY APPENDICULAR SKELETON
 Consists:
 UPPER and LOWER limbs
 SHOULDER and PELVIC girdles
 PECTORAL & SHOULDER GIRDLE

 Consist of four bones:
 2 scapulae and 2clavicles
 Attach upper limb to the body
 Scapula/ shoulder blade – is a flat,
triangular bone with three large fossae
where muscles extending to the arm are
attached
 GLENOID CAVITY:
 Under scapula
 Head of the humerus connects
to the scapula
 ACROMION PROCESS:
 Extends from the scapular spine
to form the point of the shoulder
 Articulates with the clavicle
 CORACOID PROCESS
 Provides for the attachment of
arm and chest muscles
UPPER LIMB
 Humerus
 Radio-ulna
 Carpals
 Metacarpals
 Phalanges
ARM
 Region between shoulder and elbow it
contains the Humerus
 The proximal end: a smooth rounded
head which attaches humerus to the
scapula
 Proximal end of the humerus is divided
into 2 tubercle
 GREATER TUBERCLE
 LESSER TUBERCLE
 DELTOID TUBEROSITY
 Deltoid muscles are attached
 EPICONDYLES
 Provides attachments sites for
forearm muscles
FORE ARM
 elbow to wrist, has two bones
 Ulna – on the medial
 Radius – on the lateral (thumb)
 Proximal end of ulna:
 TROCHLEAR NOTCH – fits tightly over the
end of the humerus forming most of the
elbow joint
 OLECRANON PROCESS – can be felt as
the point of the elbow
 CORONOID PROCESS – which helps the
grip of ulna on the distal end of humerus
 Distal end of ulna:
 STYLOID PROCESS – located on medial
side
WRIST
 Relatively short region between the
forearm and the hand, it is composed
of eight carpal bones:
1.) Scaphoid
2.) Lunate
3.) Triquetrum
4.) Pisiform
5.) Hamate
6.) Capitate
7.) Trapezoid
8.) Trapezium
So Long Top Part, Here Comes The
Thumb
HAND
 Five metacarpal bones are attached to
the carpal bones and form the bony
framework of the hand
 Metacarpal bones are aligned with the
five digits, the thumb and fingers.
 They are numbered from 1 – 5 from
the thumb to little finger
 Phalanges – 3 small bones in the
finger
PELVIC GIRDLE
 Place where the lower limb attach
to the body
 The right and left hip bones join
each other anteriorly and sacrum
posteriorly
 Pelvis – basin includes pelvic
girdle and coccyx
 Each hip is formed by three bones
fused to one another to form a
single bone
PELVIC GIRDLE
 another to form a single bone
1.) ilium – most superior
2.) ischium – inferior and posterior
3.) pubis – inferior and anterior
 Iliac crest – can be seen along the
superior margin of each ilium
 Anterior superior iliac spine –
important hip landmark
 PUBIC SYMPHYSIS:
 Where hip bones converge anteriorly
 SACROILIAC JOINTS
 Where bones hip bones articulate
with sacrum posteriorly
 OBTURATOR FORAMEN
 Large hole in each hip bone that is
close off by muscles and other
structures
LOWER LIMB
Consist of bones of the THIGH, LEG,
ANKLE and FOOT
 THIGH – region between the hip and
the knee it contains a single bone
called femur
 The head of femur articulates with the
acetabulum of the hip bone
 CONDYLES – distal end of femur,
articulates with the tibia
 EPICONDYLES – located medial and
lateral to condyles
 PATELLA – knee cap
 LEG – region between the knee
and the ankle it contains 2 bones:
 TIBIA (SHINE BONE) – is larger of
the two and is major weight
bearing bone of the leg
 FIBULA – does not articulate with
the femur, but its head is attached
to the proximal end of tibia
 ANKLE – consist of the distal ends of
tibia and fibula forming partial socket that
articulates with a bone of the foot (talus)
 Prominence can be seen on each side of
ankle these are:
 MEDIAL MALLEOLUS – of the tibia
 LATERAL MALLEOLUS – of the fibula
FOOT
 There are 7 tarsal bones
(soles of the foot)
 Talus (ankle bone)
 Calcaneus (heel)
 Cuboid
 Navicular
 Medial cuneiform
 Intermediate cuneiform
 Lateral cuneiform
SKELETAL ANATOMY JOINTS
 Articulations, are commonly named
according to the bones or portions of
bones that join together
3 TYPES:
1. FIBROUS JOINTS
 Articulating surface of two bones
united by fibrous connective tissue,
they have no joint cavity, exhibit little
or no movement,
Divided into 3:
A. SUTURES – are fibrous joint
between bones of the skull
B. SYNDESMOSES - are fibrous joints
in which the bones are separated by
some distance and held together by
ligaments
 ex: distal part of radius and ulna
C. GOMPHOSES – consist of pegs

fitted into sockets and held in place by
ligaments
2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
 Unite 2 bones by fibrocartilage or
hyaline cartilage
 More movement than fibrous joints
but less than that of synovial joint
1. Primary (synchondroses)
 Epiphyseal (growth) plates are
2. Secondary (symphyses)
 Manubriosternal joint
 Intervertebral discs
 Pubic symphysis.
3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
 Freely movable joints that contain
fluid in the cavity surrounding the
ends of articulating bones
 Connects bones with a fibrous joint
capsule that is continuous with the
bones’ periosteum

Skeletal System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Skeletal System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SKELETAL

5. BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION

 Many bones contain cavities

2. EXTRACELLULAR BONE MATRIX

EXTRACELLULAR BONE MATRIX

 Organic material : collagen and proteoglycans

 Like reinforced concrete

 In fetus, bones develop by two process:

 Bones of the base of the skull, part of the

 Occurs by deposition of new

 Growth in the length of

 Brain case (neurocranium) consist of

 Facial consist of 14 bones

Made up of 4 bones (2 pairs)

1. Palatine processes of the two

 Largest of these are:

EXTERNAL: ANNULUS FIBROSUS

 PECTORAL & SHOULDER GIRDLE

C. GOMPHOSES – consist of pegs

You might also like