CONJUNCTIONS

Definition: Conjunctions are the words we use

to link or join two or more sentences together
or two words within the same sentence. The
most common conjunctions in English are:
and, but, or, so, etc.

There are two kinds of conjunctions

 Coordinating.
 Subordinating.
Coordinating conjunctions are used when we
want to join two sentences that work at the
same level of importance in our speech,
both actions are equally important. These
conjunctions are:

For Nor Or So

And But Yet

EXAMPLES AND SENTENCES
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

1. For : explaining why (more formal and less common than

because)
- He’s overweight, for he eats too many cakes and biscuits.

2. . And : tell you more/ parallel (share the same structure)

 We have tickets for the symphony and the opera.

3. Nor : for two non-contrasting grammatically negative

item (not+not)
- He doesn’t drink milk, nor does he drink coffee.
4. But : makes a contrast.
 The orchestra rehearses on Tuesday, but the
chorus rehearses on Wednesday.

5. Or : alternative exist.
 Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin?

6. Yet : contrast despite something (synonym but,

still, nevertheless).
- He’s sick, yet he continues his job.

7. So : tell you the result.

 I wanted to sit in the front of the balcony, so I

ordered my tickets early.

Subordinating conjunctions are used to join
two sentences when one of them is
depending on the first one. The majority of
conjunctions are "subordinating
conjunctions". They are:

- Because/therefore/consequently
- Although/though - only
- Before / After - also/too
- If - even
1. Because/so that : for the reason/ answer the
question why.
- We went home because we were tired.

2. If : makes a condition.
- We will go to hospital if we are sick.

3. Even : says something is surprising/ unusual

- Even their 10-years-old son works in that
company.
4. Although/even though : contrast / tell you
something surprising.
- Although they are poor, they’re happy.
- We want home although we did not really

want to.

5. Only : Says something is not very big or not

very much.
- He sleeps only 3 hours every night.
6. Before / after : to express time / answer the
question what happened first?
- We went home before the concert ended.

7. also, too :says something is extra

- She works in the shop and her friend
too/also.
CONJUNTION FOR ACTIONS IN SEQUENCE

1. First
2. Then
3. Afterwards
4. Next
5. Finally
6. Before
7. After
8. Until
 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
SO WE CAN CONCLUDE …
THE FUNCTIONS OF CONJUNCTION
1. ADDITION OR SIMILAR IDEAS

 And, not only….. but also, both ...and,

neither…..nor
And
 to combine 2 sentences with similar ideas

 example:
 The matron sister of the ward accompanying

and helping doctor in the ward round.

neither nor
 to combine 2 negative sentences with similar
ideas

 Examples:
 Neither the nurse nor the doctor is in the

clinic at the moment.

 The asthmatic patient can neither stand dust

nor smoke.
both ….. and
not only ……. but
 to show emphasis

 Examples.
 Both his uncle and aunt have contracted AIDS.

 The ward is not only dirty but also crowded.

2. CAUSE AND EFFECT

Because, since, as, so that, so…. That. As long as, as a

result, consequently, therefore, due to

to show the relationship of the cause and effect of an action

Examples:

• Daliza took two tablets of paracethemol as she had a

headache.

effect cause
 Norman frequented the toilet several times
this morning since he had diarrhoea

 effect cause

 • The tumour cannot be removed because it

has turned malignant.

 effect cause
 Professor Riaz is well-respected due to his
expertise in Biochemistry.

 effect cause

 His gangrenous wound was so bad that the

doctor had to amputate his foot.

 Cause effect
3. TIME
 When, after, before, until, since, as soon as

 I will wait for you until you come back.

 We will submit the assignment as soon as the

lecture comes to the class room.