Monywa University of Economics

Master Program Entrance Training

Analytical Skills

Presented by
Dr. Khet Khet Hnin
Associate Professor
Department of Statistics
Analytical Skills

 Pie Charts
 Line Graphs
 Types of averages
 Five Number Summary
 Pie Charts

 Various types of data presented in the form of pie charts.

 Different types of questions based on pie charts.
 Compare values (changes) across two or more pie charts using
percentage techniques.
 Example:

These questions are based on the information given below.

The following pie chart represents the break-up of Mg Mg’s
monthly expenses.
1. If Mg Mg spent $4500 more on food and transport together than he spent on
rent , then find his monthly expenses.
(A) 15000 (B) 25000 (C) 30000 (D) 35000
2. Mg Mg spent 20% of his expenditure on ‘others’ on entertainment. This
amounted to $2100. Find his expenditure on education.
(A) 4500 (B) 5000 (C) 6500 (D) None of these
3. Find the angle made by the expenditure on rent and ‘others’ put together.
(A) 120˚ (B) 160˚ (C) 180˚ (D) 210˚
4. As prices dropped, Mg Mg’s expenditure on clothes dropped by 10%. As a
result of this, his expenditure on ‘others’ decreased from $10500 to $10290.
What percentage of this expenditure on ‘others’ was spent on clothes?
(A) 10% (B) 12% (C) 15% (D) 20%
 Solution
1. If Mg Mg spent $4500 more on food and transport together than he spent on rent ,
then find his monthly expenses.
(A) 15000 (B) 25000 (C) 30000 (D) 35000

Percentage of his expenditure spent on rent = 15%

Percentage of his expenditure spent on transport and food = 30%
⸫ 30% - 15% = 15% = $4500
Monthly expenses = 100%
= 100/15(4500)=$30000
2. Expenditure on entertainment = 20% of 35%=7%=2100
1%=300
Expenditure on education = 20%=$6000
 Solution
2. Mg Mg spent 20% of his expenditure on ‘others’ on entertainment.
This amounted to $2100. Find his expenditure on education.
(A) 4500 (B) 5000 (C) 6500 (D) None of these

Expenditure on entertainment = 20% of 35%=7%=2100

1%=300
Expenditure on education = 20%=$6000
 Solution
3. Find the angle made by the expenditure on rent and ‘others’ put
together.
(A) 120˚ (B) 160˚ (C) 180˚ (D) 210˚
Total expenditure on rent and others =15%+35% = 50%
Required angle = 50/100(360˚)=180˚
 Solution
4. As prices dropped, Mg Mg’s expenditure on clothes dropped by
10%. As a result of this, his expenditure on ‘others’ decreased from
$10500 to $10290. What percentage of this expenditure on ‘others’
was spent on clothes?
(A) 10% (B) 12% (C) 15% (D) 20%

Decrease in expenditure on ‘others’ = 10500-10290 =210

⸫ Initial expenditure on clothes = 210(100/10)=$2100
Required percentage = 2100/10500(100) = 20%
 Line Graphs

 Various Types of Data presented by line graphs.

 Different Types of questions based on line graphs.
 Compare values (changes) across two or more line graphs using
percentage techniques.
Example:
These questions are based on the information given below.
The following line graph represents the population (in
millions) of country X in each year from 1980 to 1985.
1. Find the percentage increase in the population of X from 1980 to 1985.
(A) 60 (B) 66.67 (C) 70 (D) None of these
2. If in 1981, 60% of the population of X were men while in 1982 it was
only 50%, find the percentage change in the male population from 1981
to 1982.
(A) 8% (B) 10% (C) 12% (D) 13%
3. If in the previous question, 60% of the female population in 1981 and
80% of those in 1982 were literate, then find the increase (in millions)
in the number of literate women from 1981 to 1982.
(A) 0.16 (B) 0.192 (C) 0.213 (D)0.248
4. In which of the given years, from 1981 to 1985, did the population
increase by the highest percentage over the previous year?
(A) 1981 (B) 1982 (C) 1983 (D) 1984
5. If the percentage of women in the population of country X in the years
from 1980 to 1985 are 40,45,50,55,60 and 65, respectively, then in
which of the given years when compared to its previous year, did the
female population show the highest percentage increase?
(A) 1985 (B) 1981 (C) 1983 (D) 1982
Solutions
1. Find the percentage increase in the population of X from 1980 to 1985.
(A) 60 (B) 66.67 (C) 70 (D) None of these
Required percentage =
2. If in 1981, 60% of the population of X were men while in 1982 it was only
50%, find the percentage change in the male population from 1981 to
1982.
(A) 8% (B) 10% (C) 12% (D) 13%
Number of men in 1981 =60/100(1.3 million)=0.78 million
Number of men in 1982 =50/100(1.4 million)=0.7 million
⸫ The male population decreased.
Required percentage = (100)≈ -10%
3. If in the previous question, 60% of the female population in 1981 and 80% of
those in 1982 were literate, then find the increase (in millions) in the number of
literate women from 1981 to 1982.
(A) 0.16 (B) 0.192 (C) 0.213 (D)0.248

Number of women in 1981= 40/100(1.3 million)=0.52 million

Number of women who were literate = 60/100(0.52 million)

=0.312 million
Number of women in 1982 = 50/100( 1.4 million)= 0.7 million
Number of women who were literate=80/100(0.7 million)=0.56 million
The increase = 0.56-0.312=0.248 million
4. In which of the given years, from 1981 to 1985, did the population increase
by the highest percentage over the previous year?
(A) 1981 (B) 1982 (C) 1983 (D) 1984

As the maximum increase in population between any two years is 0.2

million (1981,1983 and 1985) and as the increase in population in 1981 is on a
lower base, the percentage increase in 1981 would be the highest.
(0.2/1.3)*100=15.38% (1981)
(0.2/1.6)*100=12.5%(1983)
(0.2/1.9)*100=10.52%(1985)
5. If the percentage of women in the population of country X in the years from 1980 to
1985 are 40,45,50,55,60 and 65, respectively, then in which of the given years when
compared to its previous year, did the female population show the highest percentage
increase?
(A) 1985 (B) 1981 (C) 1983 (D) 1982

As the percentage increase in total population, and the percentage increase in the
share of female population in 1981 (40-45, i.e., 12.5%) is the highest, the percentage
increase in female population would be the highest in that year.
(45-40)/40*100=12.5% (1981)
(50-45)/45*100=11.1%(1982)
(55-50)/50*100=10%(1983)
(60-55)/55*100=9.09%(1984)
(65-60)/65*100=8.35% (1985)
TYPES OF AVERAGES

 Arithmetic mean
 Median
 Mode
The average, also called the arithmetic mean, is the sum of a set of values
divided by the number of values.
AVE = SUM ÷ N
Eg: 5, 1, 7, 3, 1
SUM= 5+1+7+3+1=17
N=5
AVE=SUM ÷ N=17 ÷5=3.4
If all values but one are known and the average is also known, then the last
value can be determined precisely. Suppose that 8, 16, 4, and 10 are four of
five values that have an average of 10. If five values have a mean of 10, then
the sum of the values must be 5(10) = 50. The sum of the four known values
is 8 + 16 + 4 + 10 = 38. The missing value is 50 − 38 = 12.
The median is the middle value, or the average of the two middle values, when the values are
arranged in order from least to greatest.
Eg. 24, 6, 7, 23, 13, 12, 18
The ordered values are 6, 7, 12, 13, 18, 23, 24.
The middle value of the seven values is 13.
The median is 13.

Eg. 147, 159, 132, 181, 174, 253

The ordered values are 132, 147, 159, 174, 181, 253.
The middle two values of the six values are 159 and 174.
The average of the two middle values is (159 + 174) ÷ 2 = 166.5.
The median is 166.5.
The mode of a set of values is the value that occurs most often. If all
values occur the same number of times, there is no mode.

Eg. 2, 8, 7, 8, 4, 3, 8, 5, 1
Mode = 8

The range is the easiest way to describe how a set of data spreads out.
To compute the range, R, subtract the smallest value, MIN, from the
greatest value, MAX.
Thus, R = MAX − MIN.
Example:
Find the range for each set of values.
2, 8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 8, 5, 1
MAX = 8 and MIN = 1, so R = MAX − MIN = 8 − 1 = 7
The data spread out with greater detail than the range provides:
• A common way to do this is with percentile and quartiles.
• Percentiles divide the data into 100 roughly equal groups,
• Quartiles divide the data into four roughly equal groups.

• Q1 is the median for the data less than the median,

• Q2 is the median, and
• Q3 is the median for the data greater than the median. Thus, half
(or 50%) of the data lies between Q1 and Q3.
• The interquartile range (IR) is found by subtracting Q 1 from Q3,
• IR = Q3 – Q1.
Five Number Summary

U Aung Naing Win AP 23

Example:
Find the interquartile range for each set of values.
9, 11, 10, 5, 13, 21, 23

 The ordered values are 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 21, 23.

 The middle value of the seven values is 11. The median (MD) is 11.
 The values from the minimum (MIN) to the median (MD) are 5, 9, 10, 11.
 The two middle values are 9 and 10. (9 + 10) ÷ 2 = 9.5 = Q1.
 The values from the median to the maximum (MAX) are 11, 13, 21, 23.
 The two middle vales are 13 and 21. (13 + 21) ÷ 2 = 17 = Q3.
 The interquartile range is IR = Q3 – Q1 = 17 – 9.5 = 7.5.
 Five Number Summary

Example
Using the set of values 8, 12, 18, 13, 14, 20, 34, 24, 19,
Find the five-number summary.
Ans;
The ordered set of values is 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 24, 34.
The minimum is MIN = 8 and the maximum is MAX = 34.
The median is MD = 18.
The first quartile is Q1 = 13 and the third quartile is Q3 = 20.