Burgess 1923

 根据同心圆区模型，在任何
给定的城市中有五个不同的
“区”。第一个区，即一切
的核心区，是中央商务区。

 接下来是过渡区，然后是工
人阶级住宅区，上层阶级住
宅区和通勤区。

蓝领： Blue Color

In general, the larger the circle, the fewer the people live there and the better the living standard.
• Invasion 入侵 : This refers to the process where a newer, often more
affluent or socially dominant group begins to move into and establish itself
in an existing urban area, often displacing the previous residents.
（取代的过程）

• Succession 继承 : Once a new group has successfully established itself in

an area, it becomes the dominant or mainstream group in that zone. This
process continues outward from the central business district to the suburbs.
• real estate 房地产

• Urban Sprawl
The Central Business District
• As with all classic models of urban land use, the Hoyt Sector Model has at its core
the central business district (CBD). Every older city has one such district at its
center; typically, it is the area with the high-rise buildings, banks, and large
business headquarters. It is the commercial and business center of a city. In
bigger cities, the CDB is often referred to as the “financial district.”

• 与所有经典的城市土地利用模型一样， Hoyt 扇形模型的核心是中央商务区

(CBD) 。 每一座古老城市的中心都有一个这样的地区； 通常是高层建筑、
银行和大型企业总部所在的区域。 它是一个城市的商业和商业中心。 在大
城市，国家开发银行通常被称为“金融区”。
The Industrial Sector

• According to this model, in regions of the city with significant industrial

transportation routes (rail, barge, freight), industrial corridors will develop. The
noise and pollution of these zones drive all but the poorest residents away from
these areas. In these zones, almost everyone rents. In Chicago, several of these
industrial corridors stretched outward from the CBD along railroad lines and the
Illinois-Michigan industrial canal.

• 根据该模型，在城市拥有重要工业运输路线（铁路、驳船、货运）的地区，将发展工业走
廊。 这些地区的噪音和污染迫使除了最贫困的居民之外的所有人都远离这些地区。 在这些
地区，几乎每个人都租房。 在芝加哥，其中几条工业走廊沿着铁路线和伊利诺伊州 - 密歇
根州工业运河从中央商务区向外延伸。
Residential Sectors

• Hoyt’s model suggests that people will live in the different sectors
based on income levels. Since desirable land (near lakes, hills, places
away from the smells of the factories) was more expensive, the elite
class neighborhoods were built in zones separated from lower,
working-class zones.
• 人们将根据收入水平生活在不同的地域。 由于理想的土地（靠近
湖泊、山丘、远离工厂气味的地方）价格更高，精英阶层的社区
建在与底层工人阶级区域分开的区域。
 Low-Class Residential

• Next to the industrial corridors are the lower- or working-class residential zones.
People who live here tend to be factory workers and live in low-income housing.
Housing is cheap due to its proximity to industry where pollution, traffic,
railroads, and environmental hazards make living conditions poor. Those who live
in this sector do so to reduce the cost to commute to work. They are sometimes
stereotyped as living on the “other side of the tracks,” and may experience
discrimination.

• 工业走廊旁边是下层或工人阶级的住宅区。 住在这里的人往往是工厂工人，住在低收入住
房中。 住房价格便宜是因为它靠近工业区，而工业区的污染、交通、铁路和环境危害使生
活条件很差。 居住在这个领域的人这样做是为了降低上班的成本。 他们有时被定型为生活
在“轨道的另一边”，并可能遭受歧视。
 Middle Class

• This residential area is a bit more desirable because it is located

further from industry and pollution. People who work in the CBD have
access to good transportation lines, making their commute easier. The
middle-class sector is the largest residential area.

• 这个住宅区更理想一些，因为它距离工业和污染较远。 在 CBD
工作的人们拥有良好的交通线路，使他们的通勤更加方便。 中产
阶层是最大的住宅区。
High Class
• Hoyt’s model also identified an elite zone, for the handful of upper-class people
who live in the city. Michigan Avenue was that elite district in Chicago. High-class
residential sectors tend to be quiet, clean, and have less traffic that the other
ones. There is also a corridor that extends from the CBD to the edge of the city,
where the prime real estate is found.

• In many cities, you will find the high-class district on the west side, where
prevailing winds enter the city and are upwind from industrial zones, which are
dirty and smelly. It is unlikely that high-class residential housing would be found
near factories or lower-class housing areas. In this way, Hoyt’s model suggests a
distinct physical separation between the wealthy and the poor.
 扇形

符合芝加哥的城市规划
The electric streetcar allowed low-income areas to extend
from the CBD to the outer edge of the city.
 Land use within each sector
would remain the same
because like attracts like.
物以类聚
Station 3 Multiple Nuclei Model
Limitations

• Multiple nuclei model was considered much better than the previous
simple models which attempted to explain the structure of urban areas.
However, this model also had its limitations and could not be applied
to many cities and did not entirely explain the structure of urban areas.
• Formation of well-defined zones or “nuclei” required the considerable
size of the city as the small or new towns do not have a very well
defined location because of which they are usually scattered. Another
drawback is the limited activities which are considered in the model
along with the very rigid and specific boundaries of the activities.
Some other disadvantages include:
Limitations
• Negligence of the height of buildings.
• Non-existence of abrupt divisions between zones. 区域之间不存在突然划分。
• Each zone displays a significant degree of internal heterogeneity and not homogeneity.
• Unawareness of inertia forces. 不了解惯性力。
• No consideration of the influence of physical relief and government policy.
• The concepts may not apply to Asian cities with different cultural, economic and
political backgrounds.
STATION 4 – Galactic (Peripheral)
Model

* Reading Material
Background

• The model is based on the city of Detroit, Michigan and is made up of

an inner city, with large suburban residential and business areas
surrounding it.
• These areas are tied together by transportation nodes, like beltways, to
avoid traffic congestion.
• This model takes the Harris and Ullman’s multiple nuclei model one
step further. It accounts for the fact that the classic CBD is no longer
dominant, but is instead upstaged by several specialized suburban areas.
• In the galactic city model, the urban area is decentralized and more
focus is placed on edge cities.
Literature Review
Unveiling Urban Complexity:

A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Internal Structure of Cities

in the Context of AP Human Geography 6.5.
European city
Middle Eastern and Islamic Cities
Mosque
Citadel 堡垒
Griffin-Ford
African City