Cooperative Principles

RUSMAH (210502501087)
RESKY MEIDIYANI
(210502501085)
RUSNITA LINDAYAN
(210502502085)
KHAERUNNISA
(210502501077)
WIDYA ASTUTI
(210502501076)
 Definition

The cooperative principle in conversation is a

rule that states that when people speak, they are
assumed to contribute according to the goal or
direction of the conversation, as expected by the other
participants. In other words, we try to maintain
cooperation in communicating. In Grice's opinion the
Cooperative Principle describes how people achieve
effective communication in everyday situations and
aims to explain how and why conversations tend to
succeed rather than fail.
 1. Maxim of Quantity

Maxim of quantity emphasizes

information. The information should be
neither too little, nor too much. Grice
(1975) explained that, the participants
should make contribution as informative as
possible to fulfill maxim quantity.

For example:
A: Where is the train station?
B: in the next to that hospital.
 2. Maxim of Quality

Maxim of quality can be defined be as truthful as

required. Cutting (2002, p.35) states that maxim of quality
regulates a speaker to be sincere, to be honest in saying
something. They have to say something that they believe
corresponds to reality.

For example:
A: I will ring you tomorrow afternoon then.
B: Ermm, I shall be there as fast as I know, and in the
meantime Have a word with Mum and Dad if they are free.
Right, bye bye then sweetheart.
A: Bye-bye
 MAXIM OF RELATION
Grice in Yule (1996, p.37) states that
to fulfill the maxim of relation, both speakers
and listener of conversation should be
relevant with the topic being talk.
A: "I'm going to Japan next month."
B: Oh, that's exciting! What places would
you like to visit in Japan?"
MAXIM OF MANNER
Levinson (1983, p.102) states that
maxim of manner specifies what
participants have to do in order to converse
in a maximally efficient, rational, and
cooperative way. They should also speak
sincerely, relevantly, and clearly, while
providing sufficient information.
Nick : Hey, did you see my pencil?
Jeff : Yes, in your pencil case.
 Maxims Violation

Cutting (2002, p.40) states that a speaker can be said to violate

a maxim when he/she knows the listener does not know the truth and will

only understand the surface meaning of the words, the speaker is not being

sincere and giving the listener wrong information.

For example:

Father : Did you study all day long?

Son : Yes, I've been studying until know

(In fact, the son is playing all day long)

 Maxim Infringement

Cutting (2002, p.41) states that a speaker deals with

infringement is because of his/her imperfect linguistic performance.
If his/her performance is impaired (nervousness, drunkenness,
excitement), and he/she has cognitive impairment, or he/she are
simply incapable of speaking clearly.

For example:
(Someone learning English as a second language speaks to a native
speaker).
Acha : Which one do you choose, cheese or salad on your
sandwich?
Rina : No.
 Maxim Opting Out

Cutting (2002, p.41) stated that a speaker who is

opting out od maxim indicates an unwillingness to
cooperate, although he/she does not want to appear
uncooperative. People can opting out a maxim when
he/she fails to observe a maxim because he/she refuses
to cooperate with the maxim.

For example :
Police : Can you tell me anything related to the
patients you treat?
Doctor : I am sorry but can’t tell you anything.
 Maxim Flouting

Cutting (2002, p.36) stated that when a

speaker appears not to follow the maxim but
expect the listener to appreciate the meaning
implied, in other words he/she commits maxim
flouting. Maxim flouting occurs when a speaker
fails to observe a maxim in order to lead a
listener to look for a hidden or an implied
meaning.

For example :
Jacob : Hey! How are you?
Bella : Oh, hi. I’m married (Bella shows Jacob
her ring)
 Conclusion

The principle of cooperation in conversation is a rule which states that when speaking, someone is considered to be
contributing in accordance with the goal or direction of the conversation expected by the other participants. This principle is
described as how people achieve effective communication in everyday situations and explains why conversations are
more likely to succeed than fail. There are four Maxims in the Principles of Cooperation: Maxim of Quantity (information
must be sufficient), Maxim of Quality (speak according to the truth), Maxim of relation (stay on topic), and Maxim of
Manner (speak efficiently and clearly). Violations of the Maxims can occur when someone disobeys these rules
intentionally to convey an implied or hidden message. Violations of these principles can occur through Maxims Violation
(providing insincere or incorrect information), Maxims Infringement (due to linguistic or cognitive interference), Maxims
Opting Out (unwillingness to cooperate), and Maxims Flouting (intentional deviation from principle). These principles
and their violations help explain how conversations can succeed or fail based on cooperation and adherence to these
guidelines .
Thank You!