HUMAN HEALTH AND

DISEASE
TYPES OF DISEASES.

Objectives: week 4/5 term 2

2024
1. Name the types of diseases
2. Distinguish them
They are of two types of diseases:
non-communicable.
Communicable:
Non-communicable diseases
These are diseases that can not be spread
from one person to another
Examples are:
Diabetes
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
High blood pressure
Strokes
Cancers
Chronic lung diseases (CLD)
Deficiency diseases-due to lack of nutrients in the diet e.g,
anemia, kwashiorkor, rickets, marasmus, goiter, night
blindness, scurvy, pellagra, beriberi
Activity: Write a brief cause of each disease
Communicable (Infectious) Diseases :
These are diseases caused by MICROBES called
pathogens, These pathogens include:
viruses
bacteria
Fungi
Protists
Worms.
Activity: give an example of a disease caused by each
type of pathogen.
 CAUSE, TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION OF
DISEASE:
objectives:23/2/2024

1. Name the methods of transmission of

pathogens
2. Methods of control of spread of microbes
3. Methods of body defence against
pathogens.
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION

Pathogens have different modes of transmission. The main

routes of transmission include:.
1. Air/droplet: Measles, mumps and tuberculosis can be spread
by coughing or sneezing.
Activity 2: name and explain 5 other methods of
transmission of pathogens and one example of disease spread
by each method.
2. Food.
 Microbes need nutrients for growth and they like to consume the
same foods as humans. They can get into our food at any point along
the food chain from ‘plough to plate’.
3. Contaminated surfaces
 Microbes can be spread from one food to another during the
preparation process, for example by unclean hands, or dirty kitchen
utensils, and cause illness when those foods are eaten. This is known
as cross-contamination.
4. Water
 Some diseases are caused by drinking water that is contaminated by
human or animal faeces, which may contain disease-causing microbes
such as typhoid and cholera.
 Animals/Insects (vectors):
5.

 Insects are responsible for spreading many diseases eg Malaria

is spread from person to person by certain species of female
anopheles mosquito carrying the protozoan Plasmodium
falciparum. The parasite enters the human host when an
infected mosquito takes a blood meal.
6. Body to body contact or through body fluids: e,g ringworm,
HIV
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION

Pathogens have different modes of

transmission. The main routes of transmission
include:.
Air/droplet: Measles, mumps and
tuberculosis can be spread by coughing or
sneezing.
2. Food.
 Microbes need nutrients for growth and they like to consume the same foods as humans. They can get into our food
at any point along the food chain from ‘plough to plate’.
3. Contaminated surfaces
 Microbes can be spread from one food to another during the preparation process, for example by unclean hands, or
dirty kitchen utensils, and cause illness when those foods are eaten. This is known as cross-contamination.
4. Water
 Some diseases are caused by drinking water that is contaminated by human or animal faeces, which may contain
disease-causing microbes. Clean water, hygiene and good sewerage systems prevent the spread of water-borne
diseases such as typhoid and cholera.
 Malaria is spread from person to person by certain species
of female anopheles mosquito carrying the protozoan
Plasmodium falciparum. The parasite enters the human
host when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal.
Bubonic plague (Black Death) is a bacterial disease of
rodents caused by Yersinia pestis. People usually get
plague from being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying
the plague bacterium.
7. Body to body contact or through body fluids: e,g
ringworm, HIV
3. Name and explain control methods against
the spread of pathogens
1. Good hygiene​
2. Vaccination e.g. measles, polio​
3. Wash wounds/bites with water​
4. Avoid direct contact with items used by others​
5. Wear masks​
6. Clean/sanitize or sterilize objects put to use
7. Ventilate your homes
8. Eat warmed fresh food
9. Avoid sharing personal items
10. Disinfect wounds and bandage them well
11. Do not pick on wounds, cuts, blemishes or pimples
12. Stay home if sick/isolate yourself
13. Cover coughs and sneezes
ENTRY AND PROTECTION AGAINST MICROBES
ACTIVITY 1: WEEK 7-23/2/24
1. Name 5 points of entry of
microbes.
2. Outline the body ‘s defences.
page 146-147
Entry
points of Microorganisms capable of causing
pathogens disease—or pathogens—usually enter
our bodies through the eyes, mouth,
nose, or urogenital openings, or
through wounds or bites that breach
the skin barrier. Organisms can
spread, or be transmitted, by several
routes.
BODY DEFENCES AGAIST PATHOGENS

The body uses the following features to protect itself against

pathogens:
1. Skin
2. Mucous
3. Cilia
4. Stomach acid
5. Enzymes
6. White blood cells.
Activity: Outline how each protects the body.
BODY DEFENCES AGAIST PATHOGENS

1. Skin- the skin forms a waterproof barrier that prevents entry of pathogens in the body
2. Mucous- mucous membranes produce sticky mucous which trap pathogens. These are present in body
cavities such as the nose
3. Enzymes – bodily secretions such as tears contain lysozyme. It functions ias antimicrobial agent by
breaking bacteria wall cells, which leads to cell death.
4. Cilia- The cilia lining helps trap dust and pathogens to prevent them from reaching the lungs.
5. Stomach acid: destroy bacteria in food.
6. Blood clot: prevent entry of microbes by blocking their entry points.
7. White blood cells-phagocytes engulf, lymphocytes make antibodies.
 IMMUNITY:THE IMMUNE SYSTEM).
o These mechanisms which involve the
use of the immune system.
o If microbes manage to get inside the
body then the immune system is
activated. This involves:
IMMUNITY:THE IMMUNE SYSTEM).

1. Phagocytes which are a type of

white blood cellS that surround
invading microbes/ pathogens and
engulf them.
2. Antibodies.A type of white blood cell called a
lymphocyte recognises the antigen as being foreign
and produces antibodies that are specific to that
antigen.
 Each antibody has a unique binding shape which
locks onto the specific shape of the antigen. The
antibodies destroy the antigen (pathogen) which is
then engulfed and digested.
Y8 BIOLOGY WORK WEEK 9

LESSON 1: VACCINATION:
OBJECTIVES-4TH MARCH 2024
1. OUTLINE THE ROLE OF VACCINATION IN
DEFENCE.
2. INTERPRET GRAPHS ON DISEASES
 VACCINES
Vaccination is the procedure of giving a vaccine to support
the immune system.
1. Vaccines contain weakened components of the antigen.
2. It triggers the immune response of the body.
3. The vaccine produces replicates of antigens to stimulate
immunity against a particular disease.
4. The body is taught to fight a specific infection by
vaccination.
5. The Smallpox vaccine was the first to be discovered.
INQUIRY SKILLS ACTIVITY-GRAPH INTERPRETATION
QN1 HOME WORK
QN2
QN 3