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Lecture 5 - Body Fluids and Blood Part 2 (Start From Page 31
Lecture 5 - Body Fluids and Blood Part 2 (Start From Page 31
BLOOD
TABLE OF CONTENT
cell H2O
cell
Glucose
cell Lipids
cell Amino acids
cell Vitamins
cell Minerals
cell O2
pH 7.35-7.45
~38° C
280-300 mOsm
External environment
Goa Constant
(homeostasis)
l
H2O
cell Glucose
cell Lipids
cell Amino acids
cell Vitamins
cell Minerals
O2
cell
cell pH 7.35-7.45
~38° C
290 mOsm
External
Environment H2O
Glucose
Lipids
Digestive
Amino acids
Vitamines
Minerals
Respiratory Blood O2
Respiratory
Urinary pH 7.35-7.45
All tissue cells
~38° C
Urinary
290 mOsm
Endocrine
Neural
Interstitium
Primary Functions of the Circulatory System
1) Transportation
2) Protection
- Special components of the blood patrol the whole
body and fight against invaded microorganisms and
cancerous cells.
H2O
cell Glucose
cell Lipids
cell Amino acids
cell Vitamins
cell Minerals
O2
cell
cell pH 7.35-7.45
~38° C
290 mOsm
The Blood
Composition of the
Blood
1) Plasma
100%
- Female: 37%-48%
- male: 45%-52%
General Properties of Whole Blood
(continued)
Hemoglobin
Female: 12-16 g/100 ml
male: 13-18 g/100 ml
Electrolytes
Sodium 135-145 mEq/L
clotting
proteins
(fibrin)
The Formed Elements
(Blood Cells)
Formed elements include:
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)
Appearance:
Structure:
-Primary cell
content is
hemoglobin,
the protein
that binds
oxygen and
carbon
dioxide.
- no nucleus
nor
mitochondria
Hemoglobin consists of :
Heme Group
Structure
Deoxyhemoglobin
- free of oxygen
- dark red.
Carbaminohemoglobin
1) Primary Function
2) Buffer blood pH
Production of Erythrocytes
Hematopoiesis
refers to whole blood cell
production.
Erythropoiesis
refers specifically to red
blood cell production.
- regulated by renal
oxygen content.
- Erythropoietin, a
glycoprotein hormone, is
produced by renal cells
in response to a
decreased renal blood
O2 content.
- Erythropoietin
stimulates erythrocyte
production in the red
bone marrow.
A drop in renal blood oxygen level can
result from:
Legal
raise RBC count by training athletes at high
altitude
Illegal
use erythropoietin, androgen, or their
analogs
Dietary Requirements for Erythropoiesis
Iron
vitamin B12
folic acid
Anemia
is a condition in which the blood has an
abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity.
Common causes of anemia include:
3) abnormal hemoglobin
Two such examples are Thalassemias and
Sickle-cell anemia, which are caused by
genetic defects.
Erythrocyte Disorders - 2
Polycythemia
is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes that
increases the viscosity of the blood, causing it to
sludge or flow sluggishly.
Agglutinogens
• are specific
glycoproteins on red
blood cell membranes.
• All RBCs in an
individual carry the same
specific type of
agglutinogens.
ABO Blood
Groups
Type A: RBCs carry agglutinogen A.
B B B B
B
B B B
B
B
B
Mix Type A plasma with Type B RBCs
B B
B B
B B
B B B B
B
B
B B B
B
B
B B
B B
B B
B
B B B
B
B B B
B
B B
B
Type B recipient
Type B blood
Agglutinogen(s)
?
Agglutinin(s) ?
Type AB blood
Agglutinogen(s) A and B
:
A
Agglutinin(s) No A nor B
?
Summary of ABO Blood Groups
B B A
O A&B
AB A&B
Blood Type Match
D A B O AB
R
A Yes No Yes? No
B No Yes Yes? No
O No No Yes No
Questions
recipient donor
Rh Blood
Groups
Classify blood groups based on Rh agglutinogens
other than A/B agglutinogens (C,D,E, c,d,e)
Rh positive
- RBCs contain Rh agglutinogens.
Rh A
A Rh
A
Rh
Rh
A
About 85 per cent of all white people are Rh positive and 15 per cent, Rh negative. In American blacks,
the percentage of Rh-positives is about 95, whereas in African blacks, it is virtually 100 per cent.
Rh negative
- The RBCs contain no Rh agglutinogens.
- Agglutinins against Rh-positive RBCs are
produced after Rh-negative blood sees Rh-
positive RBCs.
A
A A Rh
Rh
A Rh
A Rh Rh
Rh
B A
A
A
The problem with a Rh-negative
mother and her Rh-positive
fetus.
First
no anti-Rh
Preganancy
Protected by the
placenta-blood no Rh
barrier, the
mother is not
exposed to Rh
agglutinogens
until the time of
childbirth due to
placental tearing.
Generation of anti-
Rh agglutinins
anti-Rh agglutinins
no Rh
Born with severe anemia
Treatment:
use anti-Rh γ globulin to mask Rh agglutinogens
Leukocytes (White Cells)
Leukocytes are grouped into two major categories:
Granulocytes
- contain specialized membrane-bound
cytoplasmic granules
- include neutrophils, eosinophils, and
basophils.
Agranulocytes
- lack obvious granules
- include lymphocytes and monocytes
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Count
4,000-11,000 / μL
Function of Leukocytes:
defense against diseases
Leukocytes form a
mobile army that
helps protect the
body from damage
by bacteria,
viruses, parasites,
toxins and tumor
cells.
Leukocytes circulate in the blood for
various length of time.
Life span
- several hours to
several days for
the majority
- 40%-70% WBCs
- Nucleus multilobed
- 0.5% WBCs
- Nucleus lobed
- Development: 3-7 days
- Life Span: a few hours to a few days
- Function:
1) Release histamine and other
mediators of inflammation
2) contain heparin, an anticoagulant
Lymphocyte
s
- T cells and B cells
- 20%-45% WBCs
- Nucleus spherical or indented
- Development: days to weeks
- Life Span: hours to years
- Function
Mount immune response by direct cell attack
(T cells) or via antibodies (B cells)
Monocyte
s
- 4%-8% WBCs
- Nucleus U-shaped
- Development: 2-3 days
- Life Span: months
- Function:
Phagocytosis
develop into macrophages in tissues
Leukocytes are deployed
in the infected areas
outside blood vessels via
3 steps.
1) Margination
2) Diapedesis
3) chemotaxis
Blood Capillary
Leukocytes are deployed
in the infected areas
outside blood vessels via
3 steps.
1) Margination
Blood Capillary
2) Diapedesis:
Leukocytes slip
out of the
capillary blood
vessels.
Blood Capillary
3) Chemotaxis:
Gather in large
numbers at areas
of tissue damage
and infection by
following the
chemical trail of
molecules
released by
damaged cells or
other leukocytes
Blood Capillary
Phagocytosis
Destroy foreign
substances or
dead cells
Blood Capillary
Leukocyte Disorders
leukocytes
hair
intestinal epithelial cells
Leukemia
- Leukemia refers to a group of cancerous
conditions of white blood cells.
- Descendants of a single stem cell in red
bone marrow tend to remain unspecialized
and mitotic, and suppress or impair normal
bone marrow function.
- extraordinarily high number of abnormal
(cancerous) leukocytes
HEMOSTASIS
-Hemostasis refers to the stoppage of
bleeding.
Hemostatsis = Homeostasis
Maintaining
balance
Steps involved in Hemostasis
⮚ Vascular Spasm.
⮚ Formation of platelet plug.
⮚ Formation of blood clot and clot retraction.
⮚ Growth of fibrous tissue into the clot to form
a permanent seal at the point of vessel
damage.
⮚ Removal of excess fibrous tissue.
⮚ Repair of blood vessel endothelium.
1) vascular spasms
3) blood clotting /
2) platelet plug coagulation
formation
Platelets
Formation of thromboplastin
Both the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathway tends to
arrive at the formation of Thromboplastin
(Prothrombin activator)
3) Hemophilias
Hereditary bleeding disorders due to deficiency of
clotting factor VIII in 85% of people and factor IX in 15%.
It occurs in Males while females are carriers but never
manifest the disease.
SUMMARY