SEMINAR ON

By: SUMIT PARMAR Roll No: 915 BE IV ,Metallurgy and Materials Engg., Faculty Of Tech. and Engg.

A Battery: A system which converts chemical energy into electrical energy More correctly, a battery is an electrochemical cell: Galvanic Cells convert the energy from spontaneous chemical reactions into electricity Electrolytic Cells use electricity to drive nonspontaneous chemical reactions

A complete cell contains: anode cathode completed circuit (for electrons to flow) a salt bridge (usually!) an electrolyte solution chemical species that undergo reaction.

There are two basic

electrochemical cells:
A

GALVANIC cell

uses spontaneous chemical reactions to generate electricity

A

ELECTROYLTIC

cell requires an electrical potential to be applied to the cell to drive some reaction.

galvanic
produces electrical current anode (-) cathode (+) salt bridge DG < 0

electrolytic
need power source anode (+) cathode (-)

two electrodes conductive medium vessel

DG > 0

Salt bridge

Observe the electrodes to see what is occurring.

KCl in agar Provides conduction between half-cells

Cu

Zn

1.0 M CuSO4

1.0 M ZnSO4

 Water only

spontaneously flows one way in a waterfall. Likewise, electrons only spontaneously flow one way in a redox reactionfrom higher to lower potential energy.

What about half-cell reactions?

What about the sign of the electrodes?

+
cathode half-cell Cu+2 + 2e- Cu

Why?

anode half-cell Zn Zn+2 + 2e-

Cu plates out or deposits on electrode

Cu

What happened at each electrode?

Zn electrode erodes or dissolves Zn

1.0 M CuSO4

1.0 M ZnSO4

 cathode half-cell (+)

REDUCTION
anode half-cell (-)

Cu+2 + 2e- Cu Zn Zn+2 + 2e-

OXIDATION
overall cell reaction

Zn + Cu+2 Zn+2 + Cu

Spontaneous reaction that produces electrical current!

Now for a standard cell composed of Cu/Cu+2 and Zn/Zn+2, what is the voltage produced by the reaction at 25oC?

Standard Conditions Temperature - 25oC All solutions 1.00 M All gases 1.00 atm

We need a standard electrode to make measurements against!

The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)

25oC 1.00 M H+ 1.00 atm H2

H2 input 1.00 atm

Half-cell 2H+ + 2e- H2

EoSHE = 0.0 volts

Pt

inert metal

1.00 M H+

Now lets combine the copper half-cell with the SHE Eo = + 0.34 v

0.34 v
anode half-cell H2 2H+ + 2e-

cathode half-cell Cu+2 + 2e- Cu H2 1.00 atm

KCl in agar

Cu

Pt

1.0 M CuSO4

1.0 M H+

Now lets combine the zinc half-cell with the SHE Eo = - 0.76 v
anode half-cell Zn Zn+2 + 2e-

0.76 v
cathode half-cell 2H+ + 2e- H2

H2 1.00 atm

KCl in agar Zn

Pt

1.0 M ZnSO4

1.0 M H+

Electron flow

Fe (+) Salt bridge Mg ()

Fe2+

Mg2+

Mg Mg2+ + 2e (oxidation) Fe2+ + 2e Fe (reduction) Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe

Electron flow

Cu (+) Salt bridge

Al ()

Cu2+

Al3+

Al Al3+ + 3e (oxidation) Cu2+ + 2e Cu (reduction) 3Cu2+ + 2Al 3Cu + 2Al3+

For more lessons, visit www.chalkbored.com

Write a reduction half-cell, assign the voltage measured, and the sign of the electrode to the voltage. Al+3 + 3e- Al Zn+2 + 2e- Zn 2H+ + 2e- H2 Cu+2 + 2e- Cu Ag+ + e- Ag Eo = - 1.66 v Eo = - 0.76 v Eo = 0.00 v Eo = + 0.34 Eo = + 0.80 v
Increasing activity

Cu Cu+2 + 2e2x

-Eo = - 0.34 Eo = + 0.80 v Eocell= +0.46 v

Ag+ + e- Ag

Cu + 2Ag+ Cu+2 + 2Ag

DGo = -nFEocell
where n is the number of electrons for the balanced reaction What is the free energy for the cell?
1F = 96,500 J/v

from thermodynamics: DGo = -2.303RT log K and the previous relationship: DGo = -nFEocell -nFEocell = -2.303RT log K at 25oC: Eocell = 0.0591 log K n
where n is the number of electrons for the balanced reaction

Metal + H+ no reaction since Eocell < 0

105

107

Db

Bh

Mercury batteries take advantage of the high density of Hg to be quite small: used in watches, hearing aids, calculators, etc. Phased out in the 80s due to the toxicity of Hg

In a nickel-cadmium battery, we can recharge the battery by applying an electrical current from another source
Cd(s) + 2NiO(OH)(s) + 2 H2O(l) Cd(OH)2(s) + 2Ni(OH)2(s)

But most batteries we use arent rechargeable.

Billions upon billions of alkaline batteries are used each year. They are described by size and shape AAA to D. Larger batteries have more stuff, and thus can run longer.

But they all have the same voltage, because theyre all based on the same electrochemical cell.

Oxidation
Zn(s) + 2 OH- (aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 e-

Reduction
2 MnO2(s) + H2O(l) + 2 e- Mn2O3(s) + 2 OH- (aq)

Net
Zn(s) + 2 MnO2(s) + H2O(l) Zn(OH)2(s) + Mn2O3(s)

Class discussion 2. An intro to electrometallurgy: sharan n narayan 3. Net search.

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