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1. Subject-verb agreement 10. Questions

2. Articles and determiners ‫أدوات التعريف‬ 11. Modals

‫والتنكير والمحددات‬ 12. Conditionals

3. Quantifiers 13. Coordinating Conjunctions

4. Intensifiers 14. Subordinating Conjunctions

5. Pronouns 15. Comparatives and Superlatives

6. Relative Pronouns 16. Word Order

7. Prepositions 17. Parts Of Speech

8. Verb Forms (Tense/ aspect/ voice)

9. Verb Forms (Infinitives/ gerunds, etc.)

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1. Elementary A1 Table of grammar contents – A1 – Test-English
2. Pre-intermediate A2 Table of grammar contents – A2 – Test-English
3. Intermediate B1 Table of grammar contents – B1 – Test-English
4. Upper-intermediate B1+ Table of grammar contents – B1+ – Test-English
5. Pre-advances B2 Table of grammar contents – B2 – Test-English

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 2. Articles and determiners
VOWELs that give vowel sounds (A E I O U)
1. This is an apple.
2. I have an uncle/an umbrella/a unique person. a unit a union a university
3. I can see an elephant.
4. There is an orange on the table.
5. They saw an insect.

A book – a cat – a dog – a fish – a garden – a hand – a jacket – a

key – a lemon – a monkey – a nose – a park – a queen – a rabbit
– a snake – a tiger – a van – a wall – a xylophone – a yard – a
zone.
Main https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a1/a-an-plurals/
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2. Articles and determiners

1. They wear a uniform. /j/

2. They study a unit every Year
week. you
3. She is a European girl.

/w/
4. She has just got a one. wear
win

5. He is an honest man. / ‫כ‬nIst /

6. It’s an honour to know her. / ‫כ‬nə /

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 2. Articles and determiners

1.The Definite Article

2. The sky
3. The sun
4. The moon
4. Yesterday, I saw a film. The film was very
interesting.
5. I like the restaurant at the end of this street.
Main 6. Those are the girls I have met at school. 7
2. Articles and determiners

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 2. Articles and determiners

1.Would you like another cup of tea?

2.There is another girl in the class.
3. There are two girls in the class. One of them is Amna, but I don’t know the other girl.
girl
4. They have five cars. They will sell one car and they will use the other cars.
cars
5. If you don’t like this colour, I have some other colours.
colours
6. Some people like fruits. Others don’t like them.
7. I know one of them. I don’t know the others.

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 2. Articles and determiners
I go to work by my own car. The car is my/mine.
He goes to work by his own car.
She goes to work by her own car.
It cleans its own body.
You may go to work with your own car.
They go to work with their own car.
We go to work with our own car.

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 2. Articles and determiners

Main
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2. Articles and determiners

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2. Articles and determiners

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2. Articles and determiners

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 2. Articles and determiners

https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a1/a-an-the-no-article/

Main
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Articles and Other Determiners
• Use a or an (the indefinite article) with singular count nouns
to express a general meaning.
• Use a or an when the thing you are referring to is not
specific, and the reader does not know what you are
referring to.

• I bought a book last night. (We don’t know which book.)

• You should bring an umbrella. (It doesn’t matter which umbrella you
bring.)
A noncount noun usually cannot occur with a or an.

Homework takes a lot of my time.

Not
A homework takes a lot of my time.
A count noun is always preceded by a, an, the or another determiner.

I ate an / the / your apple.

Not
I ate apple.
No article (Ø) is used with plural count nouns and noncount nouns to
express general meaning.

• Movies are my favorite way to relax.

• I think that honesty is important.

Generally, do not use articles with proper nouns—names of people,
places, and things.

Luis is originally from Caracas, Venezuela, but now he lives in the

United States.
See summary chart of article usage.
Correct the errors involving articles.

1. My sister read the good book last week.

2. I took an exam yesterday. An exam was hard.

3. Albert Einstein had intelligence necessary to change the 20th century.

4. Parents teach their children about the life.

5. I answered last question incorrectly.

 Important!

Don’t confuse the possessive adjective its with it’s, the contraction of it
is.

Its (the college’s) teachers are the best in the city. It’s (it is) the best college
in the state.
Correct the errors with determiners.

1. We took each tests at the end of a chapter.

2. We didn’t buy many clothing at the mall.

3. We didn’t see some wildflowers on our walk.

4. Each of the English paper is worth 100 points.

5. Can I make an appointment on other day?

Articles and
Determiners
A/an and the
Agenda
• Definition: A/An
• Usage: A/An
• Definition: The
• Usage: The
• Definition and Usage: No Article
• Summary: Plurals
• Example

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Definition: A/ an (singular)
• a and an = indefinite articles to refer to something in a less specific
manner (unspecified count noun).
• “one among many”

One among many

unspecified
A newspaper has an obligation
to seek out and tell the
truth.

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Usage: A/ An
1. Unspecific singular count nouns:
A computer is a useful tool.
2. When you can add “in general”
A repeater takes a weak signal from one segment and
passes it to the next segment.

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Definition: The (singular and plural)
• The = definite article usually precedes a specific noun previously
mentioned or part of a group

unknown A new chip was introduced yesterday. The known

new chip will radically improve the
performance of most PCs and will cost less specific
than the older model.

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Usage: The
1. A specific representative of a category:
The Windows Operating System is still the determining factor for
the implementation of most software.
2. An essential phrase follows the noun:
The chip which was described above is expensive to build; the
circuits on the chip are etched using copper and platinum,
platinum being the most expensive of the materials used in this
experiment.

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Usage: The
3. The noun refers to a class as a whole:
The CPU sets the requirements for all other
components in a PC.
4. An of phrase follows the noun:
Platinum is the most expensive of the materials used
in this experiment.

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Definition: no article at all
• Always indefinite
• Singular: used with abstract and noncount nouns not otherwise
specified
• Plural: plural of a/an

abstract (singular)

Innovation involves the integration of

indefinite products, markets, and technologies

abstract
indefinite (plural)

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Summary: Plurals
• The (singular)  A (singular)

The copper etching Instead of using a

on the chip is Windows platform, we
less exact than should have
the platinum considered using a
etching. flavor of Linux.
• The (plural)  Zero-article (plural) Linux
operating systems are
The two etchings more flexible than
differ in their Windows platforms.
quality.

specific not specific

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Example
0Innovation involves the integration of 0products, 0markets,
and 0technologies. This conclusion may appear obvious, but
the integration seldom occurs. Apparently, it is easier to
suffer the negative results of not integrating, than taking the
time to integrate. 0New products generally require 0new
technologies; 0new products often depend on 0new markets
or 0market segments. 0New technologies without 0product
or 0market applications provide no benefit. 0New products
without 0new technologies will not survive in the
marketplace. 0Products without 0market acceptance,
regardless of 0technological advances and their internally
perceived benefits, consume 0resources without providing
any added value.
http://www.ieee.org/organizations/eab/icet/TEarticles/tutorials/innovation/organizationalrequire.htm

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ARTICLES AND DETERMINERS
ARTICLES
 ARTICLES
• First the good news:There are only three articles
in English: a, an and the.
• There are two types of articles indefinite 'a' and
'an' definite 'the'. You also need to know when
not to use an article.
• The bad news is that their proper use is complex,
especially when you get into the advanced use of
English. Quite often you have to work it out by
what sounds right, which can be frustrating for a
learner.
 A) Indefinite articles - a and an

• A and an are used before nouns that introduce

something or someone you have not mentioned
before:-
– For example:
"I saw an elephant this morning."
"I ate a banana for lunch.”
• A and an are also used when talking about your
profession:
– For example:
"I am an English teacher."
"I am a builder."
• You use a when the noun you are referring to
begins with a consonant
– (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y or
z)
 For example: "a city", "a factory", and "a hotel".
• You use an when the noun you are referring
to begins with a vowel
– (a, e, i, o, u)
• Pronunciation changes this rule:
– It's the sound that matters, not the spelling.
 NOTE!
• If the next word begins with a consonant sound when we
say it.
– For example:
"university" then we use a.
• We say "university" with a "y" sound at the beginning as
though it were spelt "youniversity".
So, "a university" IS correct.

• If the next word begins with a vowel sound when we say it.
– For example:
• "hour" then we use an.
• We say "hour" with a silent h as though it were spelt
"our". So, "an hour" IS correct.
 B) Definite Article - the

• You use the when you know that the listener

knows or can work out what particular
person/thing you are talking about.
– For example:
"The apple you ate was rotten.“
"Did you lock the car?“
• You should also use the when you have already
mentioned the thing you are talking about.
– For example:
"She's got two children; a girl and a boy. The girl's eight
and the boy's fourteen.”
• We also use the before certain nouns when we know
there is only one of a particular thing.
– For example:
the rain, the sun, the wind, the world, the earth, the White House etc..
• However if you want to describe a particular instance of
these you should use a/an.
– For example:
"I could hear the wind." / "There's a cold wind blowing."
"What are your plans for the future?" / "She has a promising future ahead of
her."
• The is also used to say that a particular person or thing
being mentioned is the best, most famous, etc. In this
use, 'the' is usually given strong pronunciation:
– For example:
"Harry's Bar is the place to go."
"You don't mean you met the Tony Blair, do you?"
 NOTE!

• The doesn't mean all:-

– For example:
• "The books are expensive." = (Not all books are
expensive, just the ones I'm talking about.)
• "Books are expensive." = (All books are
expensive.)
 No article
• We usually use no article to talk about things
in general:
– For example:
• Inflation is rising.
• People are worried about rising crime. (Note! People
generally, so no article)
• You do not use an article when talking about
sports.
– For example:
• My son plays football.
• Tennis is expensive.
• You do not use an article before uncountable
nouns when talking about them generally.
– For example:
• Information is important to any organization.
• Coffee is bad for you.
• You do not use an article before the names of
countries except where they indicate multiple
areas or contain the words (state(s), kingdom,
republic, union).
Kingdom, state, republic and union are nouns, so they need an article.
– For example:
• No article - Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, England
• Use the - the UK (United Kingdom), the USA (United States of
America), the Irish Republic
– Multiple areas! the Netherlands, the Philippines, the British Isles
DETERMINERS
 DETERMINERS

• Determiners are used in front of nouns to indicate

whether you are referring to something specific or
something of a particular type.
• Determiners are different from pronouns that is a
determiner is always followed by a noun.
• The definite and indefinite articles a/an/the are all
determiners.
• You use a specific determiner when people
know exactly which thing(s) or person/people
you are talking about.
– The specific determiners are:

Definite article : The

Demonstratives: This, that, these and those

Possessives: My, your, his, her, its, our and their

– For example:
"The dog barked at the boy.“
"These apples are rotten.“
"Their bus was late."
• You use general determiners to talk about people or
things without saying exactly who or what they are.
– The general determiners are:
The indefinite articles: a, an
a few a both each few fewer neither
less little
little all either many more no other
another enough most much several
any every
some

"A man sat under an umbrella.“

"Have you got any English books that I could
have?" "There is enough food to feed everyone."
 Either and Neither
• Either and neither are used in sentences concerning a
possible choice between two items.
• Either can mean one or the other (of two) or each of
two.
– For example:
I've got tea and coffee, so you can have either. (One or the other)
The room has a door at either end. (Both)
• Neither means not the first one and not the second
one.
– For example:
Neither of the students were listening.
• http://www.englisch-
hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/possessive_d
eterminers.htm
• http://www.manythings.org/fq/1/9995.html
• http://a4esl.org/q/h/mc001-ck.html
• http://a4esl.org/q/h/9901/cw-articles.html
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