TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHOWK CAMPUS
Pulchowk, Lalitpur

Report on Paints and Lubricants

SUBMITTED TO
SUBMITTED BY Applied Sciences and
Name:Peshal Kumar Shrestha Chemical Engineering
Group:Civil (E/F) Prof. Ram Kumar
Rollno: O79BCE112 Sharma
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my chemistry teacher
Prof. Ram Kumar Sharma to give me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful report writing on LUBRICANTS AND PAINTS and explain
about how to write a report in systematic way and what should I have to
include in the report and I would like to thanks to those all hand Who also
helped me in completing my report. I came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them., I wish to thank my parents as well for
their undivided support and interest who inspired me and encouraged me to
go my own way.

Thank You
 Lubricant
• Lubricant is a substance which reduces friction of two surfaces in contact,
which ultimately reduces production of heat when the surfaces move. In
many cases, friction becomes a factor of reduced efficiency in machines
which also causes wear and tear. Lubricants may also have the function of
transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling
the surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity.
 Uses of Lubricants
• Reduce friction.
• Prevent wear.
• Protect the equipment from corrosion.
• Control temperature (dissipate heat)
• Control contamination (carry contaminants to a filter or sump)
• Transmit power (hydraulics)
• Provide a fluid seal.
 Properties of lubricants

• Hydraulic stability
• A high viscosity index
• Thermal stability
• A high resistance to oxidation
• Demulsibility
• Corrosion prevention
• A high boiling point and low freezing
• point
 Classification of Lubricants
• Liquid lubricants or lubricating oils
• Semi Solid Lubricants
• Solid Lubricates
 Lubricating Oils
Few types of lubricating oils are:
• Animal and vegetable oils
• Petroleum and mineral oils
• Blended oils or compound oils
• Synthetic oils
 Animal and vegetable oils
• Vegetable oil is the fat extracted from plant sources. We may be able to
extract oil from other parts of a plant, but seeds are the main source of
vegetable oil. Typically, vegetable oils are used in cooking and for
industrial uses.
• Animal fats come from different animals. Tallow is beef fat and lard is pork
fat. There is also chicken fat, blubber (from whales), cod liver oil, and ghee
(which is a butterfat). Animal fats tend to have more free fatty acids than
vegetable oils do.
 Petroleum or mineral oils
• Mineral oils are refined petroleum-based hydrocarbons.
Mineral oils are combinations of paraffins, napthenes, and
aromatic oils. A wide variety of mineral oil compositions are
employed in cutting and grinding fluids. The lubrication
properties are modified for particular applications using
additives.
 Blended oils or compound oils
• No single oils serves as the most satisfactory lubricant for
many of the modern machines. Typical properties of
petroleum oils are improved by imcorpating specific additives.
These so-called “blended oils” give desired lubricating
properties, required for a particular machinery.
• Examples of some common additives:
• Coconut oil, Caster oil, Fatty acids, esters, organic materials
containing S, CI, P etc.
 Synthetic oils
• Synthetic oils may be derived from hydrocarbons or from other chemicals.
Synthetic oils tend to be considerably more expensive than mineral oils.
These oils tend to be purer and are produced for particular properties
such as high temperature stability. Synthetic oils may be hydrocarbons.
Types of synthetic oil may include organic esters, silicones, and halogenate
organic compounds. The rate at which the viscosity of an oil changes with
temperature is measured by an arbitrary scale, known as the “Viscosity
index”.
 Solid Lubricants
Solid lubricants are solids applied to friction surfaces to reduce friction and
wear and prevent surface damage. They may be in the form of powders, films
or composite materials. They include substances with layered structures such
as molybdenum disulfide and graphite.
• Solid lubricants: e.g. graphite, molybdenum .
• Extreme pressure: To prevent scuffing and wear .
• Metal passivators: To reduce catalytic oxidation.
• Antioxidants: To prevent rapid oxidation during.
 Types of Solid Lubricants
• Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) – known as moly
• Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) – known as teflon
• Graphite
• Boron nitride
• Talc
• Calcium fluoride
• Cerium fluoride
• Tungsten disulfide
 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)

• MoS2 occurs naturally in the form of thin solid veins within the granite. It is
a purified form of the mineral molybdenite. It has a hexagonal crystalline
structure. The total surface resistance is reduced among interacting
surfaces thus reducing surface friction and resistance. Molybdenum
disulfide is thermally stable in vacuum or inert environments, but in air or
oxygen, it begins to oxidize to MoO3 at approximately 400o C.
 Graphite
• Graphite occurs naturally in rocks such as marble, schist, etc. It has
properties of a metal and a non-metal, which makes it opt for much
industrial application. It is a layer lattice lamellar hexagonal structure.
Graphite comprises carbon and water vapor. It has excellent lubricating
properties till the time moisture is available and will work satisfactorily up
to the temperature limit of 788°C. Major application of graphite is Hot and
cold forming, wire drawing and billet coatings, mold release for die cast,
plastic and rubber mold, automotive engine and many common industrial
applications.
 Paints
• Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or solid mastic composition that,
after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is
most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture. Paint can be
made in many colorsand in many different types. Paint is typically stored,
sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid. Most paints
are either oil-based or water-based and each has distinct characteristics.
 Types of Paints
• Varnish and shellac are in effect paints without pigment; they provide a protective
coating without substantially changing the color of the surface, though they can
emphasis the color of the material.
• Enamel paint is formulated to give an especially hard, usually glossy, finish. Some
enamel paints contain fine glass powder or metal flake instead of the color
pigments in standard oil-based paints. Enamel paint sometimes is mixed with
varnish or urethane to improve its shine and hardness.
• Lacquer is a solvent-based paint or varnish that produces an especially hard,
durable finish. Usually it is a rapidly drying formulation.
• Emulsion paints are water-based paints in which the paint material is dispersed in
a liquid that consists mainly of water. For suitable purposes this has advantages in
fast-drying, low toxicity, low cost, easier application, and easier cleaning of
equipment, among other factors.
• Primer is a preparatory coating put on materials before applying the paint itself.
The primed surface ensures better adhesion of the paint, thereby increasing the
durability of the paint and providing improved protection for the painted surface.
Suitable primers also may block and seal stains, or hide a color that is to be painted
over.
 Special Paints
Fire Retardant Paint
• This type of paint works as heat causes the paint to swell on the painted substrate, which forms
a barrier insulating the surface from the flames. Other forms incorporate materials for example
chlorinated paraffin or chlorinated rubber which on application of heat they fuse together
preventing combustion.
Luminous paint or luminescent paint
• It is paint that exhibits luminescence. In other words, it gives off visible
light through fluorescence, phosphorescence, or radio luminescence.
Cellulose Paint
• It is made from nitro-cellulose and celluloid. It dries quickly and becomes hard, after addition of
a thinner. Paint is non-inflammable, glossy, durable, but shrinks after dying. This paint is used in
airplane and motor car industry.
Antifouling paints
• These are used in marine constructions. They specially contain antifouling agents like mercuric
oxide, cuprous oxide, pentachoro phenyl etc which retard the fouling of ships, tyres etc by
marine worm, fungi etc and this helps in controlling their corrosion.
Distempers:
• Distemper paint is known as one of the earliest forms of paint. It is created from a combination
of lime, pigment, chalk, water and animal glue. The animal glue mentioned here contains resins
and caseins, which increase the durability of the paint. You can find both oil-based and water-
based distemper colors available in the market today.
 Application of paints
• For the protection of articles against corrosion.
• For giving the finishing coat to automobile bodies.
• Used as finishing coat on plaster surfaces of interior walls
external surface of brick works, concrete etc.
• For the decoration of wood work and furniture.