What is Network layer?

• It is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of packet, across network (links.) Whereas the data link
layer transfer the packet between two systems on same network (links).

• In addition Network layer is a crucial component of the TCP/IP protocol suite. The main function of the network
layer is to establish logical connections between source and destination hosts, regardless of the underlying
physical network infrastructures.
Responsibilities of Network layer:

• Local Addressing
• If a packet is a transfer to other network, we need logical addressing system to distinguish the source and
destination system.
• The Network layer adds header to the packet coming from the upper layer that, includes the logical addresses of the
sender and receiver.
• Routing
•When packet transfer to the another networks, Internetworking device route or switch the packet to their final
destination.
What is Transport layer?

• It is responsible for process-to-process deliver of the entire message. A process is an application program running on a
host.
Responsibilities of Transport layer:

1. Service-Point Addressing
• Computers often run several programs at the same time. The Transport layer header include a type of address called
Service-Point Address or (service port address).
Segmentation and Reassembly
• A message is divided into transmittable segments, with each segment containing a sequence number. These numbers
enable the trans-port layer to reassemble the message correctly upon arriving at the destination.
3. Connection Control
• The Transport layer can be either connectionless or connection-oriented. A Connection treats each segment as an
Independent packets and delivers it to the connection machine. A Connection-Oriented transport layer makes a connection with
the destination machine first before delivering the packets.
4. Flow Control
• The Transport layer is responsible for Flow Control.
• Furthermore it also refers to a set of procedures used to manage the rate at which data is transmitted between two nodes.
It ensures that a sender, if operating at a faster pace, does not inundate a slower receiver with data. The mechanism employed
allows the receiving node to control the transmission speed.
5. Error Control
• The Transport layer is responsible to Error Control.
• The sending Transport layer make sure that the entire message arrives at the receiving Transport layer without error
(damage, loss or duplication). Error correction is usually archive through retransmission.
What is Session layer?

• The services provided the first three layers (physical, data link, and network) that are not sufficient from some
processes. The session layer is the Network dialog controller.
Responsibilities of Session layer:

1. Dialog Control
• The session layer allows two layers enter into a dialog. It allows the communication between two process to take place in
either half-duplex (one way at a time) or two-duplex (two way at a time) mode.
2. Synchronization
• A session layer that allows a process to add checkpoints, or syn-chronization points, to a stream of data.
What is Presentation layer?

• It is concerned with the Syntax and Semantics of the information exchange between two system.
• The presentation layer is responsible for Translation, Compression and Encryption.
Responsibilities of Presentation layer:

1. Translation is the process of (running program) in two systems are usually exchange information in the form
of character strings, numbers and so on.
2. Encryption to carry sensitive information, a system
must be able to ensure privacy..

3. Comprehension a data compression reduces the number of bits contained in the information.
What is Application layer

• Is enables the users to access the Network.

• It provides users interfaces and support for services such us electronic mail, remote file access and
transfer, shared database management, and other types of distributed information services.