The

Respiratory
System

1
The Respiratory System
Provides gas exchange between the body and
the environment

The upper respiratory

tract includes the nose
and nasal cavity, the
pharynx, and the larynx

The lower respiratory

tract includes the
trachea, bronchial tree,
and the lungs

2
The Respiratory System
The Nose and The nose contains 2 nasal cavities
separated by a septum that empty into
Nasal Cavities the nasopharynx

Filters inhaled air and

screens out some foreign
particles using stiff hairs
and mucus secretions

Moistens and warms

incoming air due to large
number of capillaries

Contains receptors for

the sense of smell

3
The Respiratory System
The Nose and The nose contains 2 nasal cavities
separated by a septum that empty into
Nasal Cavities the nasopharynx

Has ridges (turbinates)

that stir up incoming air
to increase the surface
area for warming,
moisturizing, filtering,
and smelling

Provides a resonating
chamber that helps give
your voice its
characteristic tone

4
The Respiratory System
The Nose and The nose contains 2 nasal cavities
separated by a septum that empty into
Nasal Cavities the nasopharynx

Air spaces within the skull

called sinuses drain into
the nasal cavities

The tissue lining the

sinuses also secrete mucus
to help trap particles

5
The Respiratory System
The Nose and The nose contains 2 nasal cavities
separated by a septum that empty into
Nasal Cavities the nasopharynx

Auditory (eustachian) tubes

Tear glands drain into the connect to the nasal cavities and
nasal cavities equalize air pressure in middle ear

6
The Respiratory System
The Nose and The nose contains 2 nasal cavities
separated by a septum that empty into
Nasal Cavities the nasopharynx

The nasal cavity is lined

with moist pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium

The cilia move mucus and

trapped particles to the
pharynx for swallowing and
destruction in the stomach

This tissue also lines the

nasopharynx, larynx,
trachea, and bronchi

7
The Respiratory System
A funnel-shaped cavity commonly called
The Pharynx the “throat”

Has 3 sections:
nasopharynx, oropharynx,
and laryngopharynx

The tonsils are located

here and provide immune
protection

8
The Respiratory System
A flexible flap of cartilage located at the
The Epiglottis opening to the larynx

It is open when air is

flowing in the larynx

During swallowing, it tips

to block the opening to the
larynx

9
The Respiratory System
Triangular, cartilaginous structure that
The Larynx passes air between the pharynx and the
trachea and houses the vocal cords

Pitch depends on the tension

and thickness of the cords

Loudness depends on the

velocity of air rushing past
the cords

10
The Respiratory System
Triangular, cartilaginous structure that
The Larynx passes air between the pharynx and the
trachea and houses the vocal cords

Outgoing sound (the voice) is

modified by the muscles of
the tongue, face, and lips

Hollow resonating chambers

like the oral and nasal
cavities, sinuses, and the
pharynx affect the tone and
timbre of the voice

11
The Respiratory System
A short tube (about 5”) running
The Trachea from the larynx to the junction of
the primary bronchi

Has C-shaped cartilage rings

Prevent trachea from

collapsing during breathing

But the incomplete rings also allow esophagus

expansion during swallowing

12
The Respiratory System
A short tube (about 5”) running
The Trachea from the larynx to the junction of
the primary bronchi

Lined with cilia and mucous to

trap debris and move it up and
out of lungs

13
The Respiratory System
It cleans, warms, moistens, and rapidly
The Bronchial
spreads the incoming air to the
Tree respiratory exchange surfaces (alveoli)

The trachea branches into the

two primary bronchi that lead to
each lung

The two bronchi divide into a

network of smaller and smaller
bronchi

The walls contain fibrous

connective tissue and smooth
muscle reinforced with cartilage

14
The Respiratory System
It cleans, warms, moistens, and rapidly
The Bronchial
spreads the incoming air to the
Tree respiratory exchange surfaces (alveoli)

Smaller airways with

thinner walls that lack
cartilage are called
bronchioles

The bronchioles
eventually lead to
elongated sacs called
alveoli

15
The Respiratory System
Composed of the bronchi beyond the primary
The Lungs bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveoli

Each lung is enclosed by a double

body membrane called a pleura

The watery pleural cavity

between the double membrane
reduces friction during breathing

The pleura firmly attach the base

of each lung to the diaphragm

16
The Respiratory System
Composed of the bronchi beyond the primary
The Lungs bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveoli

The right lung has 3 lobes while

the left lung has 2 lobes

The lobes divide up into lobules

The lobules are further divided

into bronchioles serving many
alveoli (about 300 million)

The numerous alveoli provide the

surface area of a tennis court

17
The Respiratory System
Microscopic thin-walled air pockets
The Alveoli surrounded by capillaries where gas is
exchanged between the air and the blood

Secrete surfactant on inner

wall to make the moist sacs
easier to inflate

18
The Respiratory System
Takes deoxygenated blood from the
The Pulmonary
heart to the lungs and brings back
Circuit oxygenated blood

Right ventricle to
pulmonary artery to
smaller and smaller
arterioles to pulmonary
capillaries around alveoli

Pulmonary capillaries to
venules to pulmonary vein
to left atrium

19
Mechanism of Breathing
Inspiration is the active phase of breathing
Inspiration which pulls air into the respiratory system
as lung volume increases
Increased CO2 (H+)
in blood triggers
chemoreceptors

The receptors send

signals to the brain’s
respiratory control
center

The center sends

signals to stimulate
inspiration

20
Mechanism of Breathing
Expiration is the passive phase of
Expiration breathing where air is pushed out as
lung volume decreases

Stretch receptors in
lungs send inhibitory
signals to the brain’s
respiratory control
center

The center stops

sending signals and
the muscles relax

21
Mechanism of Breathing
Inspiration vs. Expiration

During quiet breathing,

inspiration is active and
expiration is passive
(about 12 breaths/min.)

Under physical or emotional

stress, we need to breathe
more frequently and more
deeply so both are active

22
Mechanism of Breathing
The small amount of air that usually
Tidal Volume moves in and out with each breath
(measure all these with a spirometer)

The maximum amount of air moved in plus

Vital Capacity the maximum amount of air moved out in a
deep breath 23
Mechanism of Breathing
The amount of air that can be inhaled
Inspiratory
in addition to a normal breath
Reserve Volume (over-expanding the chest)

The amount of air that can be exhaled

Expiratory in addition to a normal breath
Reserve Volume (actively pushing out air)
24
Mechanism of Breathing
The air remaining in the lungs following
Residual Volume a forced exhalation

The maximum amount of air moved in

Total Lung and out (vital capacity) plus the air
Capacity remaining (residual volume)
25
 Gas Exchange
The exchange of gases is dependent on diffusion
from higher partial pressure to lower

26
 Gas Exchange
The exchange of gases is dependent on diffusion
from higher partial pressure to lower

O2 is carried by the Most CO2 is carried in the

hemoglobin molecule in red form of a bicarbonate ion
blood cells

27
 Gas Exchange
The exchange of gases is dependent on diffusion
from higher partial pressure to lower

28
Respiratory Disorders

Sinusitis is the inflammation Otitis media is an infection of

of a sinus cavity the middle ear

29
Respiratory Disorders

Laryngitis is the infection of the

Tonsillitis is the larynx that leads to loss of voice
inflammation of the tonsils

30
Respiratory Disorders

mucus

Pneumonia Bronchitis
Alveoli fill with pus and fluid, Airways are inflamed due
making gas exchange difficult. to infection (a cute) or due to
an irritant (chronic). Coughing
brings up mucus and pus.

asbestos tubercle
body

Pulmonary Fibrosis Pulmonary Tuberculosis Emphysema Asthma

Fibrous connective tissue Tubercles encapsulate Alveoli burst and fuse into Airways are inflamed due
builds up in lungs, reducing bacteria, and elasticity of enlarged air spaces. Surface area to irritation, and bronchioles
their elasticity. lungs is reduced. for gas exchange is reduced. constrict due to muscle spasms.

31
Respiratory Disorders

Lung cancer is
uncontrolled cell division in
the lungs often caused by
smoking
32
33