SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY
Intellectual Revolutions that defined Society

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Objective

• Identify the intellectual revolutions that shaped society

across time;
• Explain the how intellectual revolutions transformed the
views of society about dominant scientific thought and;
• Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of
the world like in Latin America, East Asia, Middle East, and
Africa.
Different Definition of Science
Science is an old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and
where Science began. From the genesis of time, Science has exited. It is always interwoven with
society.

1. Science as an idea
 It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic explanations and observations about
natural and physical world.
2. Science as an Intellectual activity
 It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process
of study involves systematic observation and experimentation.
Different Definition of Science
3. Science as a body of Knowledge
 It is the subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the
process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as social Science.
4. Science as a personal and social activity
 This explains that Science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop
better understanding of the world around them. It means to improve life and
survive in life. It is interwoven with people’s lives.
Scientific Revolution
 It is the period of enlightenment when the developments in the
fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry
transformed the views of society about nature.
 The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to
reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life;
 It led to the creation of new research fields in science and
prompted the establishment of a strong foundation for modern
science.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Intellectual Revolutions
 Refer to the series of events that led to the emergence
of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking
across critical periods in history
 In the words of French astronomer, mathematician and
freemason, Jean Sylvain Bailey (1976) in Cohen, these
scientific revolutions involved a two- stage process of
sweeping away the old and establishing the new.
 These revolutions are paradigm shift which resulted
from renewed and enlightened understanding.
Copernican
Revolution
 Refers to the 16th – century paradigm shift named
after the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus
Copernicus
 Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model of the
universe
 At that time the belief was that the Earth was the
center of the Solar System based on the geocentric model
of Ptolemy.
 Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model in 40
page outline entitled Commentariolus.
 He formalized his model in the publication of his
treatise, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelistium ( The
Revolution of Celestial Spheres ) in 1543
• ,
Copernican
Revolution
 Copernicus repositioned the Earth from the
center of the Solar System and introduced the idea
that the Earth rotates on its own axis. The model
illustrated the Earth along with other heavenly
bodies, to be rotating around the sun.
 The heliocentric model was met with huge
resistance, primarily from the church, accusing
Copernicus of heresy.
 Copernican model also had multiple
inadequacies that were later filled in by astronomers
who participated in the revolution.
 Despite problems with the model and persecution
of the Church, the heliocentric model was soon
accepted by other scientists of the time, most
profoundly by Galileo Galilei.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND

Copernicus
System
• Earth, like others, all circling the sun
• Moon circling the Earth
• Earth has 3 moons
 Daily rotation- One complete
rotation in 24 hours. The spinning
causes our day and night
• Day occurs when a face of the
earth is facing the Sun
• Night happens when we spin
out of the reach of the sun rays
• It is called the Solar Day

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND

Copernicus
System
Annual Rotation around the sun
 It takes the Earth 355 ¼ days to travel once
around its orbit so as to end up in the same
position relative to the sun
 We call this period a year or Solar year
Earth Revolution around the sun
 The Earth revolves around the sun in a
counter clock wise direction.
 It completes a revolution around the sun in
exactly 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 10
seconds.
 This is called Sidereal year or a Star year This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND
Significance of Copernican
Revolution to Science
• It served as a catalyst to sway scientific thinking away from
the age long views about the position of the Earth relative to
an enlightened understanding of the universe.
• This marked the beginning of modern astronomy. Although
very slowly, the heliocentric model eventually caught on
among other astronomers who further refined the model and
contributed to the recognition of heliocentrism.
• This was capped off by Isaac Newton’s work a century later
• The Copernican Revolution marked a turning point in the
study of cosmology and astronomy making it a truly important
intellectual Revolutions

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

 Darwinian
Revolution
 The English naturalist, geologist, and biologist,
Charles Darwin, is credited for stirring another
important intellectual revolution in the mid- 19th
century.
 His treatise on the science of evolution, On the
Origin of Species, was published in 1859 and began a
revolution that brought humanity to a new era of
intellectual discovery/.
 The Darwinian Revolution benefitted from earlier
intellectual revolutions especially those in the 16th and
17th centuries such that it was guided by confidence in
human reason’s ability to explain phenomena in the
universe.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Darwinian
Revolution
 Darwin gathered evidences
pointing to what is now known
Natural Selection, an
evolutionary process by which
organisms, including humans,
inherit, developed and adapt traits
that favored survival and
reproduction.
 Darwin’s theory of Evolution was,
of course, met with resistance and
considered to be controversial.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

 Significance of
Darwinian Revolution to
Science
• The place of Darwinian Revolution cannot
be underestimated
• Through this revolution, the
development of organisms and origin of
unique forms of life and humanity could be
rationalized by a lawful system or an
orderly process of change underpinned by
laws of nature.
Freudian Revolution
 Psychoanalytic concept of psychosexual development,
libido and ego were met with both support and resistance
from many scholars.
 Freud suggested that humans are inherently pleasure-
seeking individuals.
 Scientists working on biological approach in studying
human behavior criticized psychoanalysis for lack of vitality
and bordering on being unscientific as a theory.
 The notion that all humans are destined to exhibit Oedipus
and Electra complexes did not seem to be supported by
empirical data.
Freudian Revolution
•**Psychosexual Development and Libido**: Freud proposed that individuals
pass through a series of psychosexual stages—oral, anal, phallic, latent, and
genital—during childhood, each associated with a different erogenous zone and
developmental conflict. He argued that the libido, or psychic energy, drives
behavior and development. While some scholars supported these ideas as
providing insight into human development, others criticized them for being
overly focused on sexuality and lacking empirical evidence.
•
•2. **Ego and Pleasure Principle**: Freud suggested that the ego operates
according to the reality principle, seeking to satisfy the id's demands in realistic
and socially acceptable ways. However, he also posited that humans are
inherently pleasure-seeking individuals, driven by the pleasure principle. While
some scholars found these ideas insightful, others criticized them for
oversimplifying human behavior and neglecting other motivational factors.
Freudian Revolution
•
•3. **Criticism from Biological Approaches**: Scientists working within the
biological approach to studying human behavior criticized psychoanalysis for its
lack of empirical evidence and testability. Freud's concepts were often seen as too
abstract and difficult to measure scientifically. Critics argued that psychoanalysis
bordered on being unscientific as a theory due to its reliance on subjective
interpretations and its inability to generate testable hypotheses.
•
•4. **Oedipus and Electra Complexes**: Freud proposed that all individuals
experience the Oedipus complex (for boys) or the Electra complex (for girls)
during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. However, empirical support
for these concepts has been limited. Critics argued that Freud's theories were based
more on clinical observations and interpretations rather than empirical evidence,
leading to skepticism about the universality of these complexes.
psychosexual stages
•**Oral Stage**: This is the first stage, occurring from birth to around one year of age. During this
stage, the primary focus of pleasure is on the mouth, through activities such as sucking, biting, and
tasting. Freud suggested that experiences during this stage can influence later personality traits,
such as dependency or aggression.
•
•2. **Anal Stage**: The anal stage typically occurs between the ages of one and three years old.
During this stage, pleasure is focused on bowel and bladder control. Freud suggested that the
child's experiences with toilet training and parental responses can influence the development of
traits such as orderliness, generosity, or stubbornness.
•
psychosexual stages
•3. **Phallic Stage**: The phallic stage occurs roughly between the ages of three and six years old. This
stage is marked by the development of sexual curiosity, particularly focused on the genitals. Freud
proposed that during this stage, children experience the Oedipus complex (for boys) or the Electra complex
(for girls), which involves unconscious sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex and feelings of
rivalry with the same-sex parent.
•
•4. **Latent Stage**: The latent stage occurs from around age six to puberty. During this stage, sexual
impulses are suppressed or dormant, and children focus on developing social and intellectual skills. Freud
suggested that this stage provides a period of relative stability before the onset of puberty.
•
•5. **Genital Stage**: The genital stage begins with puberty and continues into adulthood. In this stage,
the focus of libido shifts to sexual pleasure derived from genital stimulation and mature sexual
relationships. According to Freud, successful resolution of conflicts in earlier stages lays the foundation
for healthy adult sexuality and relationships.
Freudian Revolution
 Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freud, is credited for stirring
a 20 th – century intellectual revolution named after him.
 Psychoanalysis is a school of thought in psychology is at the
center of this revolution. It is a scientific method of
understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded
within one’s personality, springing from free associations,
dreams and fantasies of individual.
 Psychoanalysis immediately shot into controversy for it
emphasized the existence of unconscious where feelings,
thoughts, urges, thoughts, emotions, and emotion are contained
outside of one’s conscious mind.
Significance
of Freudian
Revolution to
Science  Amidst controversy, Freud’s psychoanalysis
is widely credited for dominating
psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20 th
century.
 Psychodynamic therapies that treat a myriad
of psychological disorders still remain largely
informed by Freud’s work on psychoanalysis
Cradles of
Early
Science
Development of
Science in
Mesoamerica

 Mesoamerica
includes the entire
area of Central
America from
Southern Mexico up
to the boarder of
South America.
 It is rich in culture
and knowledge prior
to the arrival of its
European Colonizers
 One of the famous civilizations that lasted for
approximately 2,000 years.
They incorporated their advanced understanding of
astronomy into their temples and other religious
structures.
They are known for their knowledge of predicting
eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and
harvesting.

Mayan They are also known for measuring time using two
complicated calendar systems.
 The Maya developed a calendar that had two
different parts.

Civilization  It had a solar calendar with 365 days, divided

into 18 months with 20 days each with 5 extra
days at the end.
 A Lunar calendar and a Calendar based on the
movement of the Planet Venus. This was a sacred
calendar with 260 days and 13 weeks of 20 days
each.
 The Mayan calendar says our present world was
created in 3114 B.C. and the current world will
end on December 23, 2012 A.D.
 They developed the technology for growing different crops and building
elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.
 They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints
made from a mineral called Mica.
 They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products
3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
 They are one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known
as the Mayan hieroglyphics;
 They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based on
the numeral 20.
 They independently developed the concept of zero and positional
value, even before the Romans did.
The Inca
Civilization
 Located in the Andes mountain
of South America
 They made advanced scientific
ideas
 considering their limitations as
an old civilization
 Economy based on high altitude
agriculture
The Inca
Civilization
 The following were the scientific ideas and tool
that they developed to help them in everyday life.
1. Roads paved with stones;
2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and
other disasters;
3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water
for their crops to grow in all types of land;
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
festivals and prepare them for planting; season;
5. The first suspension bridge;
6. Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records
that only experts can interpret; and
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of specially
prized artistic achievements.
Assignment