Phytotherapy and Aromatherapy

 Skin diseases and phototherapy

 Dr. Hanan Samir Marzook
 PGD501
 Students:
 AHMED MOHAMED ABDELRAOUF 201901444
 OMAR MOHAMED ELSHAHAT 201900036
THE SKIN IS THE LARGEST AND HEAVIEST ORGAN

Introduction
OF THE BODY, WITH MANY FUNCTIONS AND ROLES
THE SKIN CONSISTS OF THREE LAYERS: THE
EPIDERMIS, THE DERMIS, AND THE HYPODERMIS
THE SKIN IS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS DISEASES AND
CONDITIONS, WHICH CAN CAUSE SYMPTOMS SUCH
AS RASHES, ITCHING, INFLAMMATION, SCALING,
BLISTERS, OR CHANGES IN COLOR .
 1- Epidermis
 The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, which acts
as a protective barrier and gives the skin its color
 The epidermis contains keratinocytes, which produce
keratin, a protein that makes the skin strong and waterproof
 The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which produce
melanin, a pigment that determines the skin color and
protects against UV rays
 The epidermis has five sublayers: the stratum corneum, the
stratum lucidum, the stratum granulosum, the stratum
spinosum, and the stratum germinativum
2- Dermis

 The dermis is the middle layer of the skin, which

provides support, elasticity, and sensation
 The dermis contains collagen and elastin, which are
proteins that give the skin strength and flexibility².
 The dermis also contains blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil
glands
 The dermis has two sublayers: the papillary region
and the reticular region
3- Hypodermis

 The hypodermis is the bottom layer of the

skin, which attaches the skin to the
underlying tissues and organs
 The hypodermis consists mainly of
adipose tissue, which stores fat and
provides insulation and cushioning
 The hypodermis also contains some blood
vessels, nerves, and hair follicles
 Skin Function
 The skin has many functions, such as Protection: The skin
prevents the entry of harmful substances and
microorganisms, and shields the body from physical,
chemical, and thermal injuries.
 Sensation : The skin allows the perception of touch, pressure,
pain, temperature, and vibration through the nerve endings in
the dermis.
 Thermoregulation: The skin regulates the body temperature
by dilating or constricting the blood vessels, and by
producing sweat or goosebumps.
 -Metabolism: The skin synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight,
which is essential for calcium absorption and bone health
 . Immunity: The skin participates in the immune response
by producing antibodies and cytokines, and by hosting
Langerhans cells, which are specialized immune cells in the
epidermis.
 Excretion: The skin eliminates some waste products and
toxins through the sweat glands.
 Communication: The skin expresses emotions, moods, and
social signals through facial expressions, blushing, flushing,
or pallor.
Skin Diseases:

 Skin diseases are disorders that affect the

structure or function of the skin
 Skin diseases can be classified into
different categories, such as
 Inflammatory: These are diseases that
cause redness, swelling, itching, or pain in
the skin, such as acne, eczema, psoriasis,
or dermatitis
 Infectious: These are diseases that are caused by
bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, such as
impetigo, herpes, ringworm, or scabies.
 Genetic: These are diseases that are inherited or
result from mutations in the genes that affect the
skin, such as albinism, ichthyosis
 Neoplastic: These are diseases that involve
abnormal growth of skin cells, such as benign
tumors, moles, or skin cancer.
 Allergic: These are diseases that are triggered by
an immune reaction to an allergen, such as
urticaria, angioedema, or contact dermatitis.
 Autoimmune: These are diseases that are caused
by the immune system attacking the skin or its
components, such as vitiligo, lupus, or pemphigus.

 Degenerative: These are diseases that are

zassociated with aging or environmental factors
that damage the skin, such as wrinkles, sagging, or
sunburn.
Epidemiology of
Common Skin
Diseases
 The epidemiology of skin diseases is the study of
the distribution, determinants, and outcomes of
skin diseases in population
 The epidemiology of skin diseases can help to
identify the risk factors, prevalence, incidence,
morbidity, mortality, and burden of skin diseases,
and to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and
treatment strategies
Define skin diseases:

 Skin diseases, also known as dermatological disorders or dermatoses, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the skin, including
its structure, function, and appearance. These diseases can affect people of all ages and can manifest in various forms, from mild and
temporary conditions to chronic and severe disorders.
 There are numerous types of skin diseases, each with its own causes, symptoms, and treatments. Some common examples include:
 Acne: A common skin condition characterized by the formation of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads, usually occurring on the face,
chest, and back.
 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): A chronic, inflammatory condition that causes dry, itchy, and irritated skin. It often appears in childhood
and may persist into adulthood.
 Psoriasis: A chronic autoimmune disease that leads to the rapid buildup of skin cells, resulting in thick, red patches covered with
silvery scales. Psoriasis commonly affects the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back.
 Dermatitis: Refers to inflammation of the skin, which can be caused by various factors such as allergens, irritants, or genetic
predisposition. Common types include contact dermatitis (caused by contact with specific substances) and seborrheic dermatitis
(affecting areas rich in oil glands).
 Rosacea: A chronic inflammatory condition that primarily affects the face, causing redness, visible blood vessels, swelling, and
sometimes acne-like bumps.
 Vitiligo: A condition characterized by the loss of skin pigment, resulting in the development of white patches on various parts of the
body.
 Fungal Infections: Various fungal organisms can cause skin infections, such as ringworm (tinea corporis), athlete's foot (tinea pedis),
and yeast infections (such as candidiasis).
 Skin Cancer: The abnormal growth of skin cells, typically caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or
tanning beds. The main types of skin cancer include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
The 10 most frequent
diagnoses were

 dermatitis/eczema (31.5%)
 viral infections (12.5%)
 pigmentary disorders (7.4%)
 melanocytic nevi (5.8%)
 alopecia areata (5.8%)
 acne (5.6%)
 nail disorders (3.3%)
 vascular malformations and hemangiomas (2.9%)
 psoriasis (2.6%)
 bacterial infections (2.6%).
Pathophysiology of Eczema (Atopic
Dermatitis):-
The pathophysiology of eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, involves a complex interplay of genetic, immunological, and
environmental factors. Although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, several key factors contribute to the development
and progression of the condition.
Genetic Factors: Eczema tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component. Certain gene variations are associated with an
increased risk of developing atopic dermatitis. These genetic factors affect the skin's barrier function, making it more susceptible to
irritants and allergens.
Skin Barrier Dysfunction: The skin in individuals with eczema has a compromised barrier function. This means that the outermost
layer of the skin, known as the epidermis, does not effectively retain moisture and is more permeable to irritants and allergens. This
allows allergens, microbes, and other irritants to penetrate the skin, leading to inflammation and immune system activation.
Immune System Dysregulation: Eczema is characterized by an overactive immune response in the skin. There is an increased
production of certain immune cells, such as T cells and mast cells, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines. These immune cells and
molecules contribute to inflammation, itching, and damage to the skin.
IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity: Many individuals with eczema have elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), an antibody involved
in allergic reactions. When the skin comes into contact with specific allergens, such as dust mites, pollen, or certain foods, IgE
triggers an immune response, leading to inflammation and itching.
 Environmental Triggers: Various environmental factors can worsen eczema symptoms or
trigger flare-ups. These include exposure to irritants like harsh soaps, detergents, fragrances,
and certain fabrics. Climate factors, such as dry or cold weather, can also exacerbate symptoms.
 Skin Microbiome Imbalance: The skin is home to a diverse community of microorganisms,
including bacteria and fungi, known as the skin microbiome. In individuals with eczema, there
is an imbalance in the skin microbiome, with
 decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in potentially harmful bacteria. This dysbiosis
contributes to skin inflammation and dysfunction.
 Itch-Scratch Cycle: Intense itching is a hallmark symptom of eczema. Scratching the itchy skin
leads to further damage, disrupts the skin barrier, and triggers a release of more inflammatory
mediators, perpetuating the cycle of itch and inflammation
Symptoms OF ECZEMA:

 Intense itching: Itching is often the most prominent symptom of eczema, and it
can be severe, leading to scratching and skin damage.
 Dry, sensitive skin: Individuals with eczema often have dry skin that is prone to
irritation and may become easily inflamed.
 Rash: Eczema is characterized by a red or brownish-gray rash, which may be
patchy or widespread. The rash can appear on any part of the body but commonly
affects the face, neck, elbows, knees, and wrists
Treatment of eczema:

 here are various herbal remedies that have been used traditionally to help manage
the symptoms of eczema. It's important to note that while some people may find
these remedies helpful, scientific evidence for their effectiveness is limited, and
they may not work for everyone. It's always advisable to consult with a healthcare
professional before using herbal remedies, especially if you have any underlying
health conditions or are taking medication. Here are some herbal options that have
been mentioned anecdotally for eczema
EXAMPLE OF HERBALS USED FOR
TREATMENT:
 Aloe Vera
 Chamomile
 Calendula
 Witch Hazel
 Coconut Oil
 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
 Evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis)
 Oatmeal
 Tea tree oil
 St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)
 Neem (Azadirachta indica)
 Burdock root (Arctium lappa)
 1-ALOE
A.barbadensis
Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae (Aloaceae)
Medicinal Parts: Gel extracted from the internal
tissues of the succulent leaf.

Main compounds
• Polysaccharides (e.g. acemannan
• Glycoproteins (lectins) such as aloctin A
and B
• Enzymes such as carboxypeptidases
• Anthraquinones (e.g. aloin and aloe
emodin)
A. vera may accelerate
wound healing and prevent
progressive dermal
ischaemia caused by burns,
frostbite by inhibition of
thromboxane A2
inhibits this photo suppression
by
preventing suppression of DTH
responses and reducing the
amount of keratinocyte
derived immunosuppressive
cytokines (IL-2)
Indications/uses:
Aloe vera gel is applied externally to treat skin
irritation (such as from insect bites), burns, psoriasis,
wounds, radiation dermatitis and frost-bite.
Aloe vera gel exerts anti-inflammatory
activity
through its inhibitory action on the
arachidonic acid pathway
via cyclooxygenase
Side effects

• The component 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone

inhibits the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II
resulting in genotoxicity and mutagenicity.
• Tissue Damage.

Interactions ‘aloe vera

tablets’ may interact with the anesthetic
sevoflurane

Contraindications: intestinal obstruction,

acutely inflamed intestinal diseases
Preparation: A stabilized aloe
extract is prepared with hot
water. The extract will have a
content of 19% to 21% aloin.

Proper dose
Capsule—250 mg, 470 mg
Cream Gel—99% 72%
Soft gel—1000 mg
Example of drug from the Egyptian
market
Quick Norm cream
2-German Chamomile
Matricaria chamomilla

Botanical drug used: Flowerhead, flowering top

Approved by Commission E:

• Cough/bronchitis
• Fevers and colds
• Inflammation of the skin
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
• Tendency to infection
• Wounds and burns
Main chemical compounds
Volatile oil {0.4-1.5%): chief components (-)-alpha-bisabolol
(levomenol), bisabolol oxide A, bisabolol oxide B, bisabololone oxide A,
chamazulene (blue in color, arising from the non-volatile
proazulene matricin after steam distillation)

Flavonoids: flavone glycosides: aglycones apigenin, luteolin,

chrysoeriol, chief glycosides apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin glucoside
acetate, - flavonol glycosides, aglycones
including quercetin, isorhamnetin.

Hydroxycoumarins: including umbelliferone, herniarin

Mucilages
Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic
effects:

Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic

activities of German chamomile have been
demonstrated in studies many times both in
vitro and in vivo, Data suggests that
chamomile has a mechanism of action
involving selective COX-2 inhibition.
CONTRAINDICATIONS

Chamomile should not be taken by

anyone with a known
allergy to its components or other
members of the Compositae family
Drug Interactions:

• Coumarin Anticoagulants — Due to the content of hydroxycoumarins in chamomile,

there may be an additive effect when taken with warfarin.

• Alcohol/Benzodiazepines — Chamomile has week anxiolytic properties at

benzodiazepine receptor sites, thus concomitant use of alcohol and benzodiazepines
should be avoided.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid and solid preparations are
available for external and internal application.

How Supplied
Capsule — 125 mg, 350 mg, 354 mg
Liquid
Oil — 100%

Preparation
An infusion for internal use is prepared by pouring boiling
water (150 ml) over 3 gm of chamomile, cover for 5 to 10
minutes.
(1 teaspoonful = 1 gm drug).
3-Calendula:
 Mechanism of Action (M.O.A):
 Calendula contains various active compounds, including flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoids,
which are believed to contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing
properties.
 It may help reduce inflammation, promote tissue repair, and provide soothing effects on the skin.
 Interactions:
 Calendula may interact with certain medications or herbs. It's important to consult with a
healthcare professional or pharmacist before using it, especially if you are taking other
medications or have underlying health conditions
 Adverse Effects:Calendula is generally well-tolerated when used topically. However, some
individuals may experience allergic reactions or skin irritation. It's recommended to perform a
patch test on a small area of skin before applying it more extensively.
 Dosage:Calendula is available in various forms, including creams, ointments, oils, and tinctures.
 The dosage can vary depending on the specific product and the severity of the condition.
 It's advisable to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer or consult with a
healthcare professional for appropriate dosage guidance.
General Plant Information:
Calendula is a flowering plant native to Mediterranean regions and is cultivated in many parts of the world.
It has bright orange or yellow flowers and is often grown for ornamental purposes.
The petals of the flowers are typically used for medicinal preparations.
Contraindications:
Calendula is generally considered safe for topical use. However, individuals with known allergies to plants in
the Asteraceae/Compositae family should exercise caution, as they may also be sensitive to calendula.
Drug Interactions:
Calendula may interact with medications, particularly those that affect blood clotting or immune function.
It's important to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking to avoid potential
interactions.
Preparation:

Calendula preparations can be purchased as creams,

ointments, oils, or tinctures from herbal stores or
pharmacies.
Alternatively, you can make a homemade infusion or
oil by steeping dried calendula petals in a carrier oil or
boiling them in water and using the strained liquid
topically
4-WITCH HAZEL:

General Plant Information:

Botanical Name: Hamamelis virginiana
Common Names: Witch hazel
Family: Hamamelidaceae
Plant Parts Used: Bark, leaves, and twigs
Medicinal Uses and Mode of Action (M.O.A):
Astringent Properties: Witch hazel contains tannins that provide it with astringent properties. This makes it useful for
tightening and toning the skin.
Anti-Inflammatory: It has anti-inflammatory effects, making it beneficial for soothing irritated skin.
Antioxidant: Witch hazel contains antioxidants that may help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals.
Dosage and Mode of Administration:
Topical Application: Witch hazel is commonly used topically in the form of a liquid or gel.
Dosage: The dosage can vary based on the specific product and intended use. It is important to follow the instructions
on the product packaging.
Preparation:
Commercial Products: Witch hazel is available in various commercial products such as toners, astringents, and creams.
Home Infusions: Some people prepare infusions by steeping witch hazel bark, leaves, or twigs in water. However,
commercially available witch hazel products are more commonly used.
Interactions:
Drug Interactions: There is limited information on specific drug interactions. However, it's advisable to consult a
healthcare professional if you are using other topical medications or have concerns about potential interactions.
Adverse Effects:

Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may be sensitive or allergic

to witch hazel. Skin irritation or allergic reactions are possible, so
it's recommended to perform a patch test before widespread use.
OralIngestion: Oral consumption of witch hazel is not
recommended, as it may lead to digestive issues and toxicity.
Contraindications:

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: There is limited information on the

safety of using witch hazel during pregnancy or breastfeeding, so it's
advisable to consult a healthcare professional.
Allergy:
Individuals with known allergies to plants in the
Hamamelidaceae family should avoid witch hazel.
5-COCONAT OIL:
GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION:
BOTANICAL NAME: COCOS NUCIFERA
COMMON NAMES: COCONUT
FAMILY: ARECACEAE (PALM FAMILY)
PLANT PARTS USED: KERNEL (MEAT) OF THE COCONUT
MEDICINAL USES AND MODE OF ACTION (M.O.A):
FATTY ACIDS: COCONUT OIL IS RICH IN MEDIUM-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS, INCLUDING LAURIC ACID. LAURIC
ACID HAS ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES AND IS BELIEVED TO HAVE VARIOUS HEALTH BENEFITS.
MOISTURIZING PROPERTIES: USED TOPICALLY, COCONUT OIL IS KNOWN FOR ITS MOISTURIZING
EFFECTS ON THE SKIN AND HAIR.
EDIBLE OIL: IT'S COMMONLY USED AS A COOKING OIL, AND SOME SUGGEST POTENTIAL HEALTH
BENEFITS WHEN CONSUMED IN MODERATION.
DOSAGE AND MODE OF ADMINISTRATION:
EDIBLE USE: COCONUT OIL CAN BE USED AS A COOKING OIL OR ADDED TO FOOD. THERE IS NO SPECIFIC
"DOSAGE," BUT MODERATION IS KEY DUE TO ITS HIGH SATURATED FAT CONTENT.
TOPICAL APPLICATION: APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE SKIN OR HAIR FOR MOISTURIZING EFFECTS.
PREPARATION:
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS: COCONUT OIL IS WIDELY AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS FORMS, INCLUDING VIRGIN
COCONUT OIL, REFINED COCONUT OIL, AND FRACTIONATED COCONUT OIL.
 Allergies: Individuals with known allergies to coconuts should avoid coconut oil.
Medical Conditions: People with certain medical conditions, such as pancreatitis, may
need to limit their intake due to the high saturated fat content

Contraindications:
6-Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra):
GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION:
BOTANICAL NAME: GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA
COMMON NAMES: LICORICE, SWEET ROOT
FAMILY: FABACEAE (LEGUME FAMILY)
PLANT PARTS USED: ROOT AND RHIZOME
MEDICINAL USES AND MODE OF ACTION (M.O.A):
GLYCYRRHIZIN: LICORICE CONTAINS GLYCYRRHIZIN, A COMPOUND THAT GIVES IT ITS SWEET
TASTE. GLYCYRRHIZIN HAS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES AND IS OFTEN USED FOR ITS
SOOTHING EFFECTS.
ANTIVIRAL PROPERTIES: LICORICE HAS BEEN STUDIED FOR ITS POTENTIAL ANTIVIRAL
ACTIVITY.
GASTROINTESTINAL BENEFITS: IT MAY HAVE BENEFITS FOR THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM,
INCLUDING SOOTHING THE STOMACH LINING.
DOSAGE AND MODE OF ADMINISTRATION:
TEA: LICORICE ROOT CAN BE USED TO PREPARE TEA.
EXTRACTS: AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS FORMS, INCLUDING LIQUID EXTRACTS AND CAPSULES.
TOPICAL USE: LICORICE EXTRACT IS SOMETIMES INCLUDED IN TOPICAL PRODUCTS FOR SKIN-
RELATED ISSUES.
PREPARATION:
LICORICE TEA: STEEP LICORICE ROOT IN HOT WATER TO MAKE LICORICE TEA.
LIQUID EXTRACT: LICORICE ROOT EXTRACT CAN BE ADDED TO WATER OR OTHER BEVERAGES.
CAPSULES OR TABLETS: LICORICE SUPPLEMENTS ARE AVAILABLE IN CAPSULE OR TABLET FORM
Interactions:
Drug Interactions:
Licorice may interact with certain medications, including those for hypertension, potassium-depleting diuretics, and
corticosteroids. It can prolong the effects of corticosteroids by inhibiting their metabolism.
Adverse Effects:
Hypertension:
Long-term and high-dose use of licorice may lead to an increase in blood pressure due to the mineralocorticoid effects of
glycyrrhizin.
Potassium Imbalance:
Excessive licorice consumption can lead to potassium depletion.
Edema: Prolonged use may cause fluid retention and edema.
Contraindications:
Hypertension:
Individuals with hypertension should be cautious with licorice due to its potential to raise blood pressure.
Potassium Imbalance:
People with conditions that may affect potassium balance, such as kidney problems, should avoid excessive licorice
consumption.
Pregnancy: Pregnant women should avoid licorice as it may be associated with preterm labor.
7-Evening Primrose Oil (Oenothera
biennis):
 General Plant Information:
 Botanical Name: Oenothera biennis
 Common Names: Evening primrose, sundrop
 Family: Onagraceae (Evening primrose family)
 Plant Parts Used: Seeds
 Medicinal Uses and Mode of Action (M.O.A):
 Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA): Evening primrose oil is a rich source of gamma-linolenic acid, an essential
fatty acid. GLA is a precursor to prostaglandins, which play a role in inflammation and various
physiological processes.
 Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Evening primrose oil is often used for conditions associated with
inflammation, such as skin disorders and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
 Dosage and Mode of Administration:
 Capsules or Softgels: Evening primrose oil is commonly available in capsule or softgel form.
 Topical Application: Some formulations are designed for topical use, especially for skin conditions.
Interactions:
Blood-Thinning Medications: Evening primrose oil may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with
anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications.
Seizure Medications: There is a theoretical concern that evening primrose oil may lower the seizure threshold,
so caution is advised when using it with anticonvulsant medications.
Adverse Effects:
Digestive Upset:
Some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal upset.
Allergic Reactions: Allergic reactions are possible, though rare.
Contraindications:
Seizure Disorders:
Individuals with a history of seizures should use evening primrose oil with caution.
Pregnancy:
Pregnant women are generally advised to avoid evening primrose oil, especially during the first trimester.
Preparation:

Supplements: Evening primrose oil

supplements are widely available in health
food stores and pharmacies.
Topical Products: Creams or oils
containing evening primrose oil can be
applied directly to the skin.
8-Oatmeal:
GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION:
BOTANICAL NAME: AVENA SATIVA
COMMON NAMES: OATS
FAMILY: POACEAE (GRASS FAMILY)
PLANT PARTS USED: SEEDS (OATS)
NUTRITIONAL CONTENT:
DIETARY FIBER: OATS ARE RICH IN SOLUBLE FIBER, PARTICULARLY BETA-GLUCANS.
PROTEINS: OATS CONTAIN PROTEINS, INCLUDING ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
VITAMINS AND MINERALS: OATS PROVIDE VARIOUS VITAMINS AND MINERALS, SUCH AS B VITAMINS, IRON, AND MAGNESIUM.
MEDICINAL USES AND MODE OF ACTION (M.O.A):
CHOLESTEROL MANAGEMENT: OATS, SPECIFICALLY THE BETA-GLUCANS, ARE KNOWN TO HELP LOWER CHOLESTEROL LEVELS BY
REDUCING THE ABSORPTION OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE INTESTINES.
BLOOD SUGAR REGULATION: THE SOLUBLE FIBER IN OATS MAY HELP STABILIZE BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS.
DIGESTIVE HEALTH: OATS ARE A GOOD SOURCE OF DIETARY FIBER, PROMOTING DIGESTIVE HEALTH.
DOSAGE AND MODE OF ADMINISTRATION:
DIETARY INCLUSION: OATS ARE COMMONLY CONSUMED AS A FOOD PRODUCT, SUCH AS OATMEAL OR OAT BRAN.
AS A BEVERAGE: OAT MILK, MADE FROM OATS, IS ALSO A POPULAR BEVERAGE.
Preparation:

Cooked Oatmeal: Oatmeal is often prepared by boiling

oats in water or milk.
Oat Milk: Made by blending and straining oats with water.
Interactions:

Iron Absorption: Oats contain compounds that may inhibit

the absorption of non-heme iron (from plant sources). It is
advisable to consume iron-rich foods separately from large
amounts of oats.
Adverse Effects:
Gluten Sensitivity: While oats themselves are gluten-free,
cross-contamination can occur during processing.
Individuals with gluten sensitivity should choose certified
gluten-free oats.
Allergies: Some people may be allergic to oats.
Contraindications:

Gluten Intolerance or Celiac Disease: Individuals with

celiac disease should choose certified gluten-free oats.
Allergies: Those with allergies to oats should avoid oat
products.
 Tea tree oil has been shown to
Tea Tree (Oil) compromise the structural and
Melaleuca alternifolia
functional integrity
COMPOUNDS of bacterial membranes, which
Terpinenes: Primarily terpinene-4-ol (45%), gamma-terpinene
(18%), alpha-terpinene (8%), 1.8-cineole (6%), alphaterpineol probably accounts for its antibacterial
(5%), as well as alpha-pinene, limonene, p-cymol, properties. It
terpinolene, viridiflorene
also affects the permeability of the
yeast C. albicans cells.
Indications/uses:
Tea tree oil is used topically as an antiseptic and to aid wound
healing , and in products to treat acne. One of the main components of tea
tree oil, terpinen-4-ol, inhibits growth
EFFECTS
The terpenes present in the essential oil exhibit efficacy that of influenza
is antimicrobial, possibly antiviral and weakly antimycotic. virus by an interference with
acidification of the intralysosomal
compartment, thus
potentially inhibiting viral uncoating
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
In several cases involving children, overdosage (10 ml for a
child) led to coordination weakness and a state of confusion.
A very high dosage (70 ml) led to coma.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the oil are used
internally and externally.
DOSAGE Mode of Administration

Acne vulgaris: 5% tea tree oil gel applied

for 20 minutes twice daily, then washed
off.

Contraindications

Internal use of tea tree oil is not

recommended, unless highly
diluted in, for example, oral preparations
such as throat pastilles.
10-St. John's Wort (Hypericum
perforatum):
GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION:
BOTANICAL NAME: HYPERICUM PERFORATUM
COMMON NAMES: ST. JOHN'S WORT, KLAMATH WEED
FAMILY: HYPERICACEAE
PLANT PARTS USED: FLOWERS AND LEAVES
MEDICINAL USES AND MODE OF ACTION (M.O.A):
ANTIDEPRESSANT PROPERTIES: ST. JOHN'S WORT IS COMMONLY USED TO ALLEVIATE SYMPTOMS OF MILD TO MODERATE
DEPRESSION.
HYPERICIN AND HYPERFORIN: COMPOUNDS LIKE HYPERICIN AND HYPERFORIN PRESENT IN ST. JOHN'S WORT ARE BELIEVED
TO CONTRIBUTE TO ITS ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECTS BY INFLUENCING NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS IN THE BRAIN.
DOSAGE AND MODE OF ADMINISTRATION:
ORAL ADMINISTRATION: ST. JOHN'S WORT IS TYPICALLY TAKEN IN THE FORM OF CAPSULES, TABLETS, OR LIQUID EXTRACTS.
TEA: SOME PEOPLE PREPARE ST. JOHN'S WORT TEA BY STEEPING THE DRIED HERB IN HOT WATER.
PREPARATION:
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS: ST. JOHN'S WORT SUPPLEMENTS ARE WIDELY AVAILABLE IN HEALTH FOOD STORES AND
PHARMACIES.
TEA: DRIED ST. JOHN'S WORT CAN BE USED TO MAKE AN INFUSION BY STEEPING IT IN HOT WATER.
Interactions:
Serotonin Syndrome Risk: St. John's Wort can interact with serotonin-related medications, potentially leading to serotonin
syndrome.
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: It induces the activity of certain liver enzymes (CYP3A4), affecting the metabolism of various drugs.
Adverse Effects:
Photosensitivity: Some individuals may become more sensitive to sunlight.
Gastrointestinal Upset: Stomach discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea are possible side effects.
Contraindications:Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: St. John's Wort is generally not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding
women due to potential risks.
Serious Mental Health Conditions: It's not recommended for severe depression or bipolar disorder.
Drug Interactions:
Antidepressants: Potential interactions with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake
inhibitors (SNRIs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
Birth Control Pills: Reduced effectiveness of oral contraceptives
SERVAY:
SERVAY DETECT THAT WE USE IONTOPHERSIS
AND CRYSTAL THERAPY IN TREATMENT OF
SKIN DISEASES
The wet cupping sessions (using the sterile
plastic cups to create a negative pressure on the skin and then
performing the superficial skin incision to draw the stagnant
blood) were designed to be performed once a week on the basis
of diagnosis of the disease as psoriasis. He was advised to have
minimum seven sessions to completely get rid of the disease.
Hijamah was started and two days after the first session,
lesions started to disappeared and reduced both in size and
number. The patient continued for further two sessions and
more than 90% of disease had gone.
 Probiotics and Prebiotics on Skin Disease
Atopic Dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a skin inflammatory disease.

Specific probiotic microorganisms are shown to have a preventing role on AD and mediate
the symptoms of the disease. They appear to do so by influencing a number of biological
processes not only in AD but rather in a wide range of skin diseases (e.g., acne, psoriasis,
photo aging, wounds, etc.)

More specifically, in a recent study, supplementation with

L. rhamnosus in combination with L. reuteri improved the severity of eczema by 56% in
children sufferingfrom AD .

Moreover, in another study, L. rhamnosus was utilized as a supplemented probiotic, to

women four weeks before delivery and six months postnatal, demonstrating to
significantly reduce the risk of children developing AD during their first seven years of
age