Unit-1:

Topic:
Extended ER Model
 Learning Objectives

At the end of this session, you will be able to:

• What is extended ER Model?

• Types of Extended ER Model

• MCQ
 What is extended ER Model?

Extended ER is a high-level data model that incorporates the extensions

to the original ER model.

Enhanced ER models are high level models that represent the

requirements and complexities of complex databases.

Extended Entity-Relationship (ER) features in Database Management

Systems (DBMS) enhance the modeling and design capabilities for
database systems.

These extensions go beyond the traditional ER model to accommodate

complex real-world scenarios.
 What is extended ER Model?

Enhanced entity-relationship diagrams are advanced database diagrams very similar to

regular ER diagrams which represent the requirements and complexities of complex
databases.

It is a diagrammatic technique for displaying the Sub Class and Super Class; Specialization
and Generalization; Union or Category; Aggregation etc.
The existing ER model needs to be enhanced or improved in order for it to
better handle the complicated application in order to reduce the modeling
complexity.
The requirements and complexity of complicated databases are
represented using enhanced entity-relationship diagrams, which are
sophisticated database diagrams very similar to standard ER diagrams.
Example for Enhanced ER- Diagram:
Types of extended ERD

The extended Entity Relationship (ER) models are three types as

given below ,

•Specialization
•Generalization
•Aggregation
 1) Specialization

The process of designing sub groupings within an entity set is called

specialization.

Example:
Specialization of a person allows us to distinguish a person according to
whether they are employees or customers. Specialization of account
creates two entity sets: savings account and current account.

In the E-R diagram specialization is represented by triangle

components labeled ISA.

The ISA relationship is referred as superclass- subclass relationship as

shown below −
Example for Specialization
Example for Specialization
 2) Generalization:

It is the reverse process of specialization. It is a bottom-up approach.

It converts subclasses to super classes. This process combines a
number of entity sets that share the same features into higher-level
entity sets.
 3) Aggregation :

It is an abstraction in which relationship sets are treated as higher level

entity sets and can participate in relationships.

Aggregation allows us to indicate that a relationship set participates in

another relationship set.

Aggregation is used to simplify the details of a given database where ternary

relationships will be changed into binary relationships.

Ternary relation is only one type of relationship which is working between

three entities.
Example for aggregation:
 MCQ’s:

1. The entity set person is classified as student and employee. This process is
B called _________
a) Generalization
b) Specialization
c) Inheritance
d) Constraint generalization
Answer: b

2. Which relationship is used to represent a specialization entity?

a) ISA
b) AIS
c) ONIS
d) WHOIS
Answer: a
 MCQ
3.The refinement from an initial entity set into successive levels of entity
subgroupings represents a ________ design process in which distinctions are made
explicit.
a) Hierarchy
b) Bottom-up
c) Top-down
d) Radical
Answer: c
4.There are similarities between the instructor entity set and the secretary entity set
in the sense that they have several attributes that are conceptually the same across
the two entity sets: namely, the identifier, name, and salary attributes. This process
is called
a) Commonality
b) Specialization
c) Generalization
Summary

• What is Extended ER?

• Types of Extended ER

• Types of cardinality

• Some MCQ’s